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Original Article

Chlorine Inhalation

The Big Picture

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Pages 87-93 | Published online: 29 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (5)

Robin J. Slaughter, Martin Watts, J. Allister Vale, Jacob R. Grieve & Leo J. Schep. (2019) The clinical toxicology of sodium hypochlorite. Clinical Toxicology 57:5, pages 303-311.
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Cíntia Soares, Jaci Carlo Schramm Câmara Bastos, Vinicyus Rodolfo Wiggers, Rodrigo Koerich Decker, Dirceu Noriler & Henry França Meier. (2016) Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Reactive Absorption Column for Chlorine Gas Mitigation. Chemical Engineering Communications 203:7, pages 924-932.
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Ozlem Yigit, Secgin Soyuncu, Oktay Eray & Selcan Enver. (2009) Inhalational and dermal injury due to explosion of calcium hypochlorite. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 28:1, pages 37-40.
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Sahin Aslan, Hayati Kandiş, Metin Akgun, Zeynep Çakır, Tacettin Inandı & Metin Görgüner. (2006) The Effect of Nebulized NaHCO Treatment on “RADS” Due to Chlorine Gas Inhalation. Inhalation Toxicology 18:11, pages 895-900.
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Jianpu Wang & Sten M. Walther. (2004) Chlorine gas inhalation: mechanisms of injury and treatment. International Journal of Disaster Medicine 2:3, pages 75-81.
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Articles from other publishers (44)

Sai R. Velamuri, Yasmin Ali, Julio Lanfranco, Pooja Gupta & David M. Hill. (2023) Inhalation Injury, Respiratory Failure, and Ventilator Support in Acute Burn Care. Clinics in Plastic Surgery.
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Meng-meng Liu, Jiang-zheng Liu, Chen-qian Zhao, Peng Guo, Zhao Wang, Hao Wu, Weihua Yu, Rui Liu, Chun-xu Hai & Xiao-di Zhang. (2023) Protective effects of pentoxifylline against chlorine-induced acute lung injury in rats. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 24:1.
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Gisu Yun, Changshin Kang, Hong Joon Ahn, Yeonho You, Jung Soo Park, Wonjoon Jeong, Yongchul Cho, Sun Cheun Kim, Dongeun Park & Seonghoon Yeon. (2022) Early ECMO initiation in the emergency department for refractory hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by NaDCC intoxication. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 55, pages 228.e1-228.e3.
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Israr Ahmad, Adam Molyvdas, Ming-Yuan Jian, Ting Zhou, Amie M. Traylor, Huachun Cui, Gang Liu, Weifeng Song, Anupam Agarwal, Tamas Jilling, Saurabh Aggarwal & Sadis Matalon. (2021) AICAR decreases acute lung injury by phosphorylating AMPK and upregulating heme oxygenase-1. European Respiratory Journal 58:6, pages 2003694.
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Dylan R. Addis, Saurabh Aggarwal, Ahmed Lazrak, Tamas JillingSadis Matalon. (2021) Halogen-Induced Chemical Injury to the Mammalian Cardiopulmonary Systems. Physiology 36:5, pages 272-291.
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Evan S. Schwarz. (2021) Inhalants. Critical Care Clinics 37:3, pages 687-702.
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Muhammad Faisal Khilji. (2020) Clinical Presentations and Outcomes of Industrial Chlorine Gas Exposure Incidence in Oman. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36:1, pages 18-24.
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Ahmed Lazrak, Weifeng Song, Ting Zhou, Saurabh Aggarwal, Tamas Jilling, Stavros Garantziotis & Sadis Matalon. (2020) Hyaluronan and halogen‐induced airway hyperresponsiveness and lung injury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1479:1, pages 29-43.
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Kosuke Uemura, Momoko Isono, Katsunori Kagohashi, Ryuichi Hasegawa & Hiroaki Satoh. (2017) Bronchial damage and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following chlorine gas inhalation: A case report. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.
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Matthew Carlisle, Adam Lam, Erik R. Svendsen, Saurabh Aggarwal & Sadis Matalon. (2016) Chlorine-induced cardiopulmonary injury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1374:1, pages 159-167.
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Jan Meulenbelt. (2016) Irritant gases. Medicine 44:3, pages 175-178.
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Toby K. McGovern, Madison Goldberger, Benoit Allard, Soroor Farahnak, Yoichiro Hamamoto, Michael O’Sullivan, Nobuaki Hirota, Guy Martel, Simon Rousseau & James G. Martin. (2015) Neutrophils Mediate Airway Hyperresponsiveness after Chlorine-Induced Airway Injury in the Mouse. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 52:4, pages 513-522.
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Emily Mackie, Erik Svendsen, Stephen Grant, Jill E. Michels & William H. Richardson. (2014) Management of Chlorine Gas-Related Injuries From the Graniteville, South Carolina, Train Derailment. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 8:5, pages 411-416.
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Cem Oktay, Ali Vefa Sayrac, Soner Isik, Neslihan Sayrac, Engin Senay & Mehmet Emin Kavasoglu. (2013) Personnel Response during an Internal Emergency— Unexpected Release of an Irritant Gas in a Hospital . Workplace Health & Safety 61:9, pages 381-383.
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John E. VajnerIIIIII & Derrick Lung. (2013) Case Files of the University of California San Francisco Medical Toxicology Fellowship: Acute Chlorine Gas Inhalation and the Utility of Nebulized Sodium Bicarbonate. Journal of Medical Toxicology 9:3, pages 259-265.
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Susan Ney Miller. 2013. The Toxicant Induction of Irritant Asthma, Rhinitis, and Related Conditions. The Toxicant Induction of Irritant Asthma, Rhinitis, and Related Conditions 83 101 .
Honghong Chang, Longhui Cui, Xing Li, Jun Shen, Wenlong Wei & Ziming Kou. (2012) Preparation and characterization of surface modified powder of calcium hydroxide used as chlorine scavenger. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 25:6, pages 1028-1032.
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Jan Meulenbelt. (2012) Chlorine. Medicine 40:3, pages 117.
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Amit K. Yadav, Stephen F. Doran, Andrey A. Samal, Ruchita Sharma, Kokilavani Vedagiri, Edward M. Postlethwait, Giuseppe L. Squadrito, Michelle V. Fanucchi, L. Jackson Roberts2nd2nd, Rakesh P. Patel & Sadis Matalon. (2011) Mitigation of chlorine gas lung injury in rats by postexposure administration of sodium nitrite. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 300:3, pages L362-L369.
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Toby McGovern, Brian J. Day, Carl W. White, William S. Powell & James G. Martin. (2011) AEOL10150: A novel therapeutic for rescue treatment after toxic gas lung injury. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 50:5, pages 602-608.
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Baiqiang Li, Ling Jia, Danbing Shao, Hongmei Liu, Shinan Nie, Wenjie Tang, Baohua Xu, Zongfeng Hu & Haichen Sun. (2011) Pneumomediastinum from acute inhalation of chlorine gas in 2 young patients. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 29:3, pages 357.e1-357.e4.
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Kurt Kleinschmidt & Evan Schwarz. 2011. Textbook of Critical Care. Textbook of Critical Care 1374 1378 .
David Van Sickle, Mary Anne Wenck, Amy Belflower, Dan Drociuk, Jill Ferdinands, Fernando Holguin, Erik Svendsen, Lena Bretous, Shirley Jankelevich, James J. Gibson, Paul Garbe & Ronald L. Moolenaar. (2009) Acute health effects after exposure to chlorine gas released after a train derailment. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 27:1, pages 1-7.
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H. L. Thomas & V. Murray. (2008) Review of acute chemical incidents involving exposure to chlorine associated with swimming pools in England and Wales, June-October 2007. Journal of Public Health 30:4, pages 391-397.
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Martin Leustik, Stephen Doran, Andreas Bracher, Shawn Williams, Giuseppe L. Squadrito, Trenton R. Schoeb, Edward Postlethwait & Sadis Matalon. (2008) Mitigation of chlorine-induced lung injury by low-molecular-weight antioxidants. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 295:5, pages L733-L743.
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Tom SteinovMajorMajor. (2012) Editorial Comments–Acute Stress Symptoms, Dissociation, and Depression Among Rescue Personnel 24 Hours after the Bet-Yehoshua Train Disaster: The Effect of Exposure to Dead Bodies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 23:5, pages 466-466.
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Ofer Lehavi, Adi Leiba, Yehudit Dahan, Dagan Schwartz, Odeda Benin-Goren, Rama Schwartz, Arie Augarten, Josef Ben-Ari, Yoram Ben-Yehuda, Gali Weiss, Yeheskel Levi & Yaron Bar-Dayan. (2012) Lessons Learned from Chlorine Intoxications in Swimming Pools: The Challenge of Pediatric Mass Toxicological Events. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 23:1, pages 90-95.
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Mark A. Hostetler. 2008. Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Pediatric Emergency Medicine 1016 1020 .
Jan Meulenbelt. (2007) Chlorine. Medicine 35:11, pages 606.
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Adeline Ngo, R. Ponampalam, Mark Leong & Lim Swee Han. (2012) Chlorine and its Impact on an Emergency Department. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22:2, pages 136-139.
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A. Dandrieux, J.P. Dimbour & G. Dusserre. (2006) Are dispersion models suitable for simulating small gaseous chlorine releases?. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 19:6, pages 683-689.
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Gea Bonetto, Massimo Corradi, Silvia Carraro, Stefania Zanconato, Rossella Alinovi, Giuseppina Folesani, Liviana Da Dalt, Antonio Mutti & Eugenio Baraldi. (2006) Longitudinal Monitoring of Lung Injury in Children after Acute Chlorine Exposure in a Swimming Pool. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 174:5, pages 545-549.
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Andriy I. Batchinsky, David K. Martini, Bryan S. Jordan, Edward J. Dick, James Fudge, Candace A. Baird, Denise E. Hardin & Leopoldo C. Cancio. (2006) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Secondary to Inhalation of Chlorine Gas in Sheep. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 60:5, pages 944-957.
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A. Dandrieux-Bony, J.-P. Dimbour & G. Dusserre. (2005) A simple model for calculating chlorine concentrations behind a water spray in case of small releases. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 18:4-6, pages 245-253.
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J. Wang, C. Winskog, E. Edston & S. M. Walther. (2005) Inhaled and intravenous corticosteroids both attenuate chlorine gas-induced lung injury in pigs. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 49:2, pages 183-190.
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Jianpu Wang, Liming Zhang & Sten M. Walther. (2004) Administration of Aerosolized Terbutaline and Budesonide Reduces Chlorine Gas?Induced Acute Lung Injury. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 56:4, pages 850-862.
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Stefanos N. Kales & David C. Christiani. (2004) Acute Chemical Emergencies. New England Journal of Medicine 350:8, pages 800-808.
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J.P Dimbour, A Dandrieux, D Gilbert & G Dusserre. (2003) The use of water sprays for mitigating chlorine gaseous releases escaping from a storage shed. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 16:4, pages 259-269.
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Cahfer Güloğlu, İsmail Hamdi Kara & Pakize Gamze Erten. (2002) Acute Accidental Exposure to Chlorine Gas in the Southeast of Turkey: A study of 106 Cases. Environmental Research 88:2, pages 89-93.
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Aurélia Dandrieux, Gilles Dusserre & James Ollivier. (2002) Small scale field experiments of chlorine dispersion. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 15:1, pages 5-10.
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