Analysis of Piper betle L. Leaves from Bangladesh for Polyphenolics by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Together with the Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities

Abstract

The current study was aimed at optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for polyphenols, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of five varieties of Piper betle L. leaves from Bangladesh. The UAE method was optimized to maximize the polyphenolic extract using single-factor experimentation and central composite circumscribed design. The optimal conditions were determined to use 70:5:25 ethanol:acetic acid:water and a solid/liquid ratio of 1:15.41 for 90 min at 75 °C. The antioxidant activity was significant with IC₅₀ values for DPPH and ABTS assays from 0.17 ± 0.01 to 0.43 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.04 ± 0.00 to 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively. Good antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity against cancer cells (20% to 50% viability) were reported with normal cells unaffected. The results suggest that UAE is suitable for the extraction of polyphenolics from betel leaves.

Keywords:

• Antioxidant activity
• cytotoxicity
• high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
• hydroxychavicol
• Piper betle L.
• total phenolic content
• ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)

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Acknowledgments

The authors greatly acknowledge the Bangabandhu Science and Technology Fellowship Trust, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, for their financial support.