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Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
The Canadian Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science
Volume 63, 2024 - Issue 3
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Extractive Pyrometallurgy – Nonferrous

Thermodynamic assessment of tin-smelting from cassiterite concentrates

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Pages 901-914 | Received 29 May 2023, Accepted 25 Sep 2023, Published online: 09 Oct 2023
 

ABSTRACT

Tin is a critical and rare metal produced via carbothermic reduction smelting of upgraded concentrates in two steps, primary and secondary reduction. There is limited literature available on cassiterite smelting and the thermodynamic behaviour of Sn during primary and secondary reduction processes. The present work performs a systematic assessment/optimisation of smelting parameters of a simplified cassiterite concentrate for the first time. This assessment was carried out with the aid of thermochemical analysis. The effect of process variables including reduction extent, temperature, and flux addition on the outputs of the primary and secondary reduction steps was studied. The effects of temperature and slag composition on slag liquidus temperature and viscosity were determined. The effect of recycling the process byproduct, the hard head (HH), on operational parameters and outcomes, especially Sn recovery, was also investigated, and a series of optimum process conditions was proposed.

L’étain est un métal critique rare produit par fusion par réduction carbothermique des concentrés valorisés en deux étapes, réduction primaire et secondaire. Il y a peu de littérature disponible à propos de la fusion de la cassitérite et du comportement thermodynamique du Sn lors des procédés de réduction primaire et secondaire. Le présent travail exécute pour la première fois une évaluation/optimisation systématique des paramètres de fusion d’un concentré de cassitérite simplifié. On a effectué cette évaluation à l’aide d’analyses thermochimiques. On a étudié l’effet des variables du procédé incluant le degré de la réduction, la température et l’ajout de flux sur les résultats des étapes de réduction primaire et secondaire. On a déterminé les effets de la température et de la composition du laitier sur la température de liquidus et la viscosité du laitier. On a également examiné l’effet du recyclage du sous-produit du procédé, le minerai d’étain ferrifère (HH), sur les paramètres et les résultats opérationnels, particulièrement la récupération du Sn, et l’on a proposé une série de conditions de procédé optimales.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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