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Interdisicplinary Studies

The Group's Vulnerability to Disaster: Basic Assumption and Work Group Mentalities Underlying Trump's 2016 Election

Pages 711-731 | Published online: 08 Aug 2019
 

ABSTRACT

Donald Trump’s improbable political rise and unexpected capture of the US presidency during the 2016 presidential election is framed within Wilfred Bion’s (1961) theory of groups. Bion’s concepts of basic assumption phenomena, the group as a part-object mother’s body, the function of specialized work groups, and the roles of introjective and projective identification are explored and elaborated upon in the context of the relation between Trump and his supporters and detractors. Basic assumption phenomena were activated in both groups as each defended against psychotic anxieties tied to work group activity and other threatening aspects of group experience. Trump-as-leader emerged through a neglect of projective identification due to both supporters’ and detractors’ regressive and dissociative tendencies as they relate predominantly to pairing group activity.

L'ascension politique improbable de Donald Trump et sa victoire imprévue aux élections présidentielles de 2016 aux États-Unis sont mis en relation avec la théorie des groupes de Bion (1961). Les concepts de Bion – hypothèses de base, le groupe comme objet partiel du corps de la mère, la fonction des groupes de travail spécialisés et le rôle de l'identification introjective et projective sont étudiés et élaborés dans le cadre de la relation entre Trump, ses supporteurs et ses détracteurs. Les phénomènes des hypothèses de base se sont vus activés dans ces deux groupes, chacun se défendant contre les angoisses psychotiques liées à l'activité des groupes de travail et autres aspects menaçants de l'expérience groupale. Le leadership de Trump s'est imposé au travers de l'ignorance envers les processus d'identification projective, en raison des tendances régressives et dissociatives liées au couplage chez ses partisans comme chez ses détracteurs.

Donald Trumps für unwahrscheinlich gehaltener politischer Aufstieg und sein Sieg im US-Präsidentschaftswahlkampf 2016 werden mit Hilfe von Wilfred Bions Gruppentheorie (Bion 1961) erläutert. Bions Konzepte der Grundannahmenphänomene, der Gruppe als Teilobjekt des mütterlichen Körpers, der Funktion spezialisierter Arbeitsgruppen sowie der Rolle von introjektiven und projektiven Identifizierungen werden erforscht und im Kontext der Beziehung zwischen Trump und seinen Anhängern und Gegnern diskutiert. Grundannahmenphänomene wurden in beiden Gruppen aktiviert, um psychotische, mit der Gruppenaktivität verbundene Ängste und weitere bedrohliche Aspekte der Gruppenerfahrung abzuwehren. Als Führer konnte Trump infolge einer Vernachlässigung der projektiven Identifizierung aufsteigen, der die vorwiegend mit der Aktivität der Paarbildungsgruppe zusammenhängenden regressiven und dissoziativen Tendenzen sowohl der Anhänger als auch der Widersacher zugrunde lagen.

L’improbabile ascesa politica di Donald Trump e la sua inaspettata vittoria alle elezioni presidenziali statunitensi del 2016 verranno esaminate in questo lavoro attraverso la lente interpretativa della teoria dei gruppi di Wilfred Bion (1961). È infatti proprio attraverso l’analisi del rapporto fra Trump e i suoi sostenitori e detrattori che l’articolo si propone di esplorare e approfondire concettualizzazioni bioniane tra cui quelle di assunto di base, di gruppo vissuto come corpo materno nella sua dimensione di oggetto parziale, di funzione dei gruppi di lavoro specializzati, e dei ruoli dell’identificazione proiettiva e introiettiva. Si sosterrà ad esempio come sia nel campo dei sostenitori sia in quello dei detrattori di Trump si siano attivati fenomeni legati alla mentalità in assunto di base, nella misura in cui ciascuna delle due fazioni si difendeva da ansie psicotiche legate all’attivita del gruppo di lavoro e da altri aspetti dell’esperienza di gruppo sentiti come minacciosi. Secondo questa prospettiva, la figura di Trump-come-leader sarebbe emersa dal trascurare l’identificazione proiettiva a causa delle tendenze regressive e dissociative di entrambe le fazioni, operanti in misura prevalente secondo l’assunto di base del ‘pairing’.

En este artículo se analiza el improbable ascenso político de Donald Trump y su inesperada captura de la presidencia de los EE.UU. en las elecciones de 2016 en el marco de la teoría de los grupos de Wilfred Bion (1961). Se exploran y elaboran los conceptos bionianos del fenómeno del supuesto básico, el grupo como objeto parcial del cuerpo materno, la función de los grupos de trabajo especializados, y los roles de la identificación proyectiva e introyectiva en el contexto de la relación entre Trump y sus partidarios y detractores. En ambos grupos se activó el fenómeno del supuesto básico, pues cada uno se defendió de ansiedades psicóticas vinculadas a las actividades del grupo de trabajo y otros aspectos amenazadores de la experiencia grupal. La figura de Trump-como-líder emergió por una desatención a la identificación proyectiva, debido a las tendencias regresivas y disociadoras, tanto de los partidarios como de los detractores, al relacionarse predominantemente con la actividad grupal de apareamiento.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Joseph S. Reynoso and Michael C. Klein for their encouragement and many helpful suggestions in the writing of this manuscript.

Notes

1 Bion (Citation1961) attributes this outcome to primitive Oedipal instincts.

2 For Bion (Citation1961) the aristocracy consists of politicians and their families. I also include any highly idealized public figures such as athletes, artists, celebrities, etc.

3 In nation states where it is forbidden to openly challenge or critique the political leadership or ideology (e.g. through a free press), the state (e.g. a communist or dictatorial state) often relies on forceful and brutal methods of censorship and social control, possibly out of necessity to contain ordinary pairing group psychotic anxieties.

4 The phrase “good and evil,” according to some scholars, was used as a literary device in ancient times to refer to “everything” through the pairing of opposite terms (Gordon and Rendsburg Citation1997).

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