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Psychoanalytic Theory and Technique

A psychoanalytic look at repetitive outbreaks of brief psychosis

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Pages 42-63 | Published online: 06 Mar 2020
 

ABSTRACT

This article aims to take a psychoanalytic look at brief psychoses at risk of repetition. By this we are referring to very florid psychotic symptomatology that first appears in adults with no significant history of psychopathology. This is almost completely reversed with pharmacological treatment; however, the threat of repetition persists. We illustrate the difference from schizophrenia and borderline pathology. We present two cases in detail to demonstrate, first of all, that psychoanalytic therapy drastically improves the prognosis. Furthermore, both case studies, in patients with comparative richness of mental functioning outside of their psychotic episodes, afford us direct access to the essence of psychotic functioning. We will demonstrate how the external triggers are specific to each case and how these relate to unsymbolised material in each patient. These are themes that are heavily loaded with traumatic weight in the patients’ histories, concerning elements which previous generations had not worked through, and which remain in a kind of non-symbolic register outside of word-presentations, associatively disconnected from the rest of the mental functioning until sparked by the particular external trigger which activates all of their pathogenic potential. We intend to analyse the improvement of these patients and we make considerations about technique.

L'auteur de cet article vise à analyser les épisodes psychotiques qui présentent un risque de répétition. Il se réfère ainsi à une symptomatologie psychotique haute en couleurs qui apparaît pour la première fois chez des adultes dépourvus d'histoire psychopathologique significative. Cette symptomatologie cède presque entièrement à un traitement pharmacologique; cependant, le risque de répétition persiste. L'auteur établit une distinction entre ce type de symptomatologie et les pathologies schizophréniques et borderline. Il expose deux cas cliniques détaillés afin de montrer, en premier lieu, que la thérapie analytique améliore radicalement le pronostic. Par ailleurs, ces deux études de cas de patients au fonctionnement psychique relativement riche en dehors des épisodes psychotiques qu'ils traversent, offrent un accès direct à l'essence du fonctionnement psychotique. L'auteur s'attache à démontrer comment les événements extérieurs déclencheurs sont spécifiques à chacun des patients, en ce qu'ils renvoient à un matériel a-symbolisé de leur histoire. Il s'agit là de questions dont le poids traumatique pèse de tout son poids sur le patient et son histoire. Ces éléments que les générations précédentes n'ont pas pu élaborer perdurent au sein d'une sorte de registre non-symbolique, échappent aux représentations de mots et restent privés ainsi de liens associatifs avec le reste du fonctionnement mental, jusqu'à ce qu'ils soient avivés de l'extérieur par une étincelle spécifique venant activer tout leur potentiel pathogène. L'auteur tente d'analyser l'amélioration de l'état de ces patients et prend en considération les questions d'ordre technique.

Der Artikel will einen psychoanalytischen Blick auf kurze psychotische Störungen werfen, bei denen das Risiko des Wiederauftretens besteht. Damit wird auf eine sehr floride psychotische Symptomatik Bezug genommen, die erstmals bei Erwachsenen ohne wesentliche psychopathologische Vorgeschichte auftritt. Unter pharmakologischer Behandlung wird die Symptomatik – im Unterschied zur Schizophrenie und Borderline-Pathologie – fast vollständig umgekehrt, die Gefahr des Wiederauftretens bleibt jedoch bestehen. Wir stellen zwei Fälle ausführlich vor, um zunächst zu zeigen, dass die psychoanalytische Therapie die Prognose erheblich verbessert. Darüber hinaus liefern uns die beiden Fallstudien einen direkten Zugang zum Wesen des psychotischen Zustands bei Patienten, die außerhalb ihrer psychotischen Episoden über vergleichsweise reichhaltige geistige Funktionen verfügen. Wir zeigen die jeweilige Fallspezifität externer Auslöser und deren Bezug zu nicht symbolisiertem Material beim jeweiligen Patienten auf. Das sind Motive, die in der Vorgeschichte der Patienten stark traumatisch belastet sind und von früheren Generationen nicht durchgearbeitete Elemente betreffen. Sie sind in einer Art nicht-symbolischem Register außerhalb von Wortdarstellungen, assoziativ vom Rest der geistigen Funktionen getrennt vorhanden, bis sie durch den jeweiligen externen Trigger ausgelöst werden, der ihr gesamtes pathogenes Potenzial aktiviert. Die Fortschritte dieser Patienten sollen analysiert und Überlegungen zur Technik angestellt werden.

Questo contributo propone al lettore uno sguardo psicoanalitico sulle psicosi brevi a rischio di ripetizione. Ci riferiamo qui a quel tipo di sintomatologia floridamente psicotica che compare per la prima volta in adulti privi di precedenti psicopatologici significativi. Il trattamento farmacologico aiuta a far rientrare quasi completamente questo tipo di episodi (che vanno distinti sia dalla schizofrenia sia dalla patologia borderline), tuttavia la minaccia di un loro possibile ripresentarsi non scompare. L’articolo presenta nel dettaglio due casi clinici allo scopo di dimostrare, in primo luogo, che la terapia psicoanalitica migliora drasticamente la prognosi. Entrambi i casi, che riguardano pazienti dal funzionamento mentale relativamente ricco al di fuori degli episodi psicotici, ci permettono inoltre di osservare da vicino l’essenza del funzionamento psicotico. Mostreremo peraltro come le situazioni esterne che hanno innescato gli episodi psicotici siano legate ad aspetti specifici di ciascuno dei due casi, e oltre a ciò come per entrambi i pazienti tali situazioni precipitanti fossero legate a materiale non simbolizzato: a temi, cioè, dalla forte connotazione traumatica nelle rispettive storie personali e riguardanti elementi non elaborati dalle precedenti generazioni – motivo per cui essi erano rimasti confinati entro un tipo di registro non simbolico incommensurabile all’espressione linguistica, e dissociati dal resto del funzionamento mentale fino al momento in cui erano poi stati attivati in tutto il loro potenziale patogeno dalle particolari situazioni esterne che con essi avevano risuonato. Alla luce di questi casi intendiamo anche analizzare il miglioramento di questi pazienti e fare una serie di considerazioni a proposito della tecnica.

En el presente artículo se da una mirada psicoanalítica a la psicosis breve con riesgo de repetición; es decir, a la sintomatología psicótica muy florida que aparece por primera vez en adultos sin una historia significativa de psicopatología. Si bien el tratamiento farmacológico la revierte casi por completo, persiste el riesgo de repetición. Se marca la diferencia con la esquizofrenia y la patología límite. Se presenta dos casos en detalle para demostrar, en primer lugar, que la terapia psicoanalítica mejora de manera drástica la prognosis. Además, ambos estudios de caso, en pacientes con un funcionamiento mental comparativamente rico fuera de sus episodios psicóticos, nos permiten el acceso directo a la esencia del funcionamiento psicótico. Se demuestra que los desencadenantes externos son específicos a cada caso y la forma en que estos se relacionan con material no simbolizado en cada paciente. Se trata de temas con una fuerte carga traumática en la historia de los pacientes, relacionados con elementos no elaborados por las generaciones anteriores. Por ello permanecen en una especie de registro no simbólico, fuera de la representación de palabra, desconectados asociativamente del resto del funcionamiento mental hasta el momento en que el desencadenante externo particular activa todo su potencial patogénico. El autor analiza la mejora de estos pacientes y brinda algunas reflexiones sobre la técnica.

Notes

1 Let us not forget the scepticism of some with respect to the usefulness of psychoanalysis for psychosis (Willick Citation2001; Michels Citation2003).

2 We address this below in a separate section.

3 In split interpretation, we show patients their relationship with themselves at different intrapsychic levels, or how certain situations affect them. Here the analyst, being left outside as a discriminated person, promotes a reduction in projection while it is carried out in the context of the current situation. “There is a use for interpretation in transference, but there is no interpretation of the transference. The dimension of inner alterity is thus promoted, which is what allows alterity to be established in the transference. We create the possibilities, and it is the patient’s ego that does the discriminating” (Olmos de Paz Citation2001).

4 Translated from the Spanish for this publication.

5 After writing these lines, an important family secret was discovered. The issue was triggered because in the process of the maternal grandmother’s deterioration and death, she alluded in confusing comments to a distant and traumatic family episode that she had never wanted to talk about: apparently her father (the patient’s maternal great-grandfather) killed a newborn son in a fit of rage, was locked up in a psychiatric site, and ended up committing suicide. We had already detected the impossibility of symbolising any issues related to filicide/matricide. This “secret” also points to a transgenerational dimension (Faimberg Citation1985, Citation1992, Citation2005). Faimberg defines the “telescoping of generations” to refer to unconscious, alienating identifications that manifest in transference, explicitly referring to what is “not said” and to what is “secret.”

6 Nor is the transgenerational component lacking. Remember that both her mother and her maternal grandmother were displaced by outside women in their relationships with their husbands.

7 It is more about the presence of an Oedipal symbolic order that establishes the difference of sexes and generations and the interdiction of incest and parricide. The reality of the childhood theory of castration is only the crystallisation of the Oedipal symbolic in children’s thinking.

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