Pyrolysis Behavior, Pyrolysis Kinetics, Heat Transfer and Pyrolysis Simulation of Almandine/Boron Phenolic Resin Ceramizable Composites

Abstract

Ceramizable composites have attracted great interest for the thermal protection of hypersonic vehicles. In our research described here the pyrolysis process of almandine/boron phenolic resin ceramizable composites was investigated; we note it can be divided into three stages (room temperature to 300 °C, 300 °C to 700 °C and 700 °C to 1300 °C). In addition, the pyrolysis products were identified by an analytical pyrolyzer coupled with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry set-up (Py-GC/MS), and they were composed of phenols (69.82%), aromatic hydrocarbons (23.89%), and aromatic ethers and aliphatic esters (6.29%). Furthermore, the possible pyrolysis routes were proposed. Moreover, the pyrolysis kinetic parameters were calculated, and the activation energy, order of the reaction and pre-exponential factor were 54.18 KJ/mol, 0.869 and 2.828 s⁻¹, respectively. In addition, Comsol Multiphysics finite element software was used to simulate the heat transfer and pyrolysis behavior. After the composite (with a thickness of 10 mm) was heated for 200 s at a heat flux of 480 KW/m², the surface and back surface temperatures were 1200.6 °C and 163.7 °C, respectively. The thicknesses of the carbonized, pyrolysis and original layers were 2.11, 3.67 and 4.22 mm, respectively, which reflects the good thermal insulation behavior of the composite. We suggest the combination of calculation and simulation results can provide a theoretical basis for the design of thermal protection systems for hypersonic vehicles which are able to meet long-term and large-area thermal protection requirements.

Keywords:

• Almandine powders
• boron phenolic resin
• pyrolysis behavior
• pyrolysis kinetics
• thermal protection
• ceramizable composite

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Funding

This work was funded by the Independent Innovation Projects of the Hubei Longzhong Laboratory (2022ZZ-08), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2023-CL-B1-08 and WUT:2022IVA001), the Key R&D Program of Hubei Province (2022BID007) and the Industrialization Project of the Xiangyang Technology Transfer Center of Wuhan University of Technology (WXCJ-20220008).