A phylogenetic overview of Squamanita, with descriptions of nine new species and four new combinations

ABSTRACT

Nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) sequence data from eight type specimens of previously described Squamanita species were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and partial nuc 28S rDNA data revealed Squamanita as paraphyletic splitting into two monophyletic groups, which we recognize as the genera Squamanita and Dissoderma. We accept 14 Squamanita and nine Dissoderma species, provide the first sequences of 13 of these, and describe six new species of Squamanita and three new species of Dissoderma. We transfer three species of Squamanita into Dissoderma, one into Cystoderma, and treat S. basii and S. umbilicata as synonyms of D. paradoxum. Squamanita can be distinguished from Dissoderma by the generally larger fleshier basidiomata with a tricholomatoid or amanitoid stature and yellowish to tawny brown pileus and often similarly colored stipe. Most species have cheilo- and pleurocystidia. Species of Dissoderma are small, collybioid or mycenoid, lack cystidia, and the pileus and often upper stipe are purplish gray. Both genera parasitize basidiomata of other agarics.

KEYWORDS:

• Molecular phylogeny
• mycoparasites
• Squamanitaceae
• type barcoding
• 13 new taxa

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to the directors and curators of the fungaria C, DAOM, FH, G, H, L, K, MICH, NY, PDD, TENN, TMI, TUF, WTU, and ZT for the loans of specimens. We thank former students Jordan Andary and Alicia Banwell for assistance with sequencing at University of Western Ontario (UWO) and Christian Klee and Guglielmo Martinelli (Verein für Pilzkunde Zürich) for duplicates of Squamanita schreieri and S. odorata. We thank Todd Elliott, Sigrid Jakob, Tapio Kekki, Thomas Læssøe, Noah Siegel, and Rick Van de Poll for permission to use their photos, and Scott Redhead for nomenclatural discussions. Vladimir Mikryukov shared global metabarcoding data. E.N. is grateful to Denzo Narita, Shuichi Sakai, and Asao Horoya, all of whom have passed away, for providing fresh specimens of D. phaeolepioticola, and to Cornelis Bas (Rijksherbarium) for S. odorata specimens. Two reviewers are thanked for their helpful suggestions.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

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Additional information

Funding

I.S. was supported by the Estonian Research Council grant (PRG1170), the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange). Funding was provided to R.G.T. from the Department of Biology and Faculty of Science at the University of Western Ontario. Funding was provided to T.W.H. from the National Geographic Society grants 7435-03 and 8481-08 and National Science Foundation grants DEB-0918591 and DEB-1556338. J.A.C. is supported by the New Zealand Ministry of Business and Innovation (MBIE) Infrastructure Program of the Strategic Science Investment FUND (SSIF).