Multi-decadal observations of the size structure of sperm whales at Kaikōura, New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Measurements of body length play an important role in the assessment of size and population structure of whales, allowing estimation of population parameters such as age at sexual and physical maturity. Uniquely, sperm whales can be measured from the interpulse interval (IPI) of their echolocation clicks, which contain information on the length of the head, which is allometrically related to body length. Measurements of IPI were taken from 424 acoustic recordings made between 1996 and 2019 at Kaikōura, New Zealand. Extrapolation to total length, using a new regression equation calculated from this population, revealed a significant increase in the mean length of whales visiting Kaikōura during summer in recent years (2014–2019), with no trend in the mean length for those visiting in winter. Increasing size during summer months appears to be driven by the growth of the same individuals returning summer after summer, combined with declining recruitment of new, smaller individuals. Thus, we hypothesise that the whales that visit in summer may represent an aging population. This is significant as sperm whales are a taonga [Of special significance to NZ Māori] species, top predators in the Kaikōura ecosystem, and the primary focus of the tourism industry at Kaikōura.

KEYWORDS:

• Sperm whale
• Kaikōura
• Physeter macrocephalus
• body size
• size structure

Acknowledgements

This research was principally funded by the New Zealand Whale and Dolphin Trust, and Whale Watch Kaikōura. Special thanks goes to Brian Miller for his contribution to fieldwork, use of his IPI measurement software, and his helpful comments on this manuscript. We also thank Liz Slooten, Lesley Douglas, Quin Rhinelander, Chris Richter, Natalie Jacquet, Abe Growcott, Miranda van der Linde, Tamlyn Somerford and the many volunteers who helped collect the recordings analysed here. The University of Otago Marine Mammal Research Group and the New Zealand Whale and Dolphin Trust provided equipment and access to the photo-identification catalogue from Kaikōura.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).