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Focus: AAG 2020 Nystrom Competition Papers

Distilling the Effect of the Great Recession on Food Access in a Segregated City: A Spatial, Quasi-Experimental Approach

Pages 582-593 | Received 15 Oct 2020, Accepted 31 Mar 2021, Published online: 22 Jun 2021
 

Abstract

The Great Recession greatly exacerbated income inequality and might have also magnified unequal access to healthy food in the United States. There is a growing need to examine small-area effects of the Great Recession, especially among minority populations who were disproportionately targeted for predatory loans and experienced higher rates of foreclosure. To explore how the Great Recession interacted with a foodscape locally, a counterfactual quasi-experimental analysis extended by spatial econometric models is implemented to quantify the impact of foreclosure risk on supermarket access in Chicago. Black-majority, lower-income neighborhoods with higher risk of foreclosure experienced a small but significant worsening in food accessibility after the Great Recession, reflecting a compounding crisis of structural segregation and economic vulnerability. The results further suggest that inference interpretation is sensitive to both research design framing and underlying processes that drive geographically distributed relationships. For highly spatial phenomenon like segregation and foreclosure, making space explicit might not only clarify results but also enrich interpretation and understanding of underlying processes. It is essential to better understand the role segregation and structural inequality might have in perpetuating environments that contribute to social and health disparities.

大萧条极大地加剧了收入的不平等, 可能还加剧了在美国获取健康食品的不平等。我们愈发需要探讨大萧条在小范围内的影响, 尤其是对少数人口的影响。少数人口不成比例地成为掠夺性贷款的目标, 丧失抵押品赎回权的比率也较高。为了探讨大萧条如何影响本地食品行业, 本文通过空间经济计量模型拓展了反事实准实验分析方法, 量化了丧失抵押品赎回权风险对芝加哥超市购物行为的影响。大萧条后, 在黑人占多数、低收入和丧失抵押品赎回权风险较高的社区, 食品获取出现了小幅度但显著的恶化, 这反映出结构性隔离和经济脆弱性的复杂危机。结果进一步表明, 推论不仅对研究的设计敏感, 还对地理分布背后的驱动过程敏感。对于高度空间化的现象, 例如隔离和丧失抵押品赎回权, 明确的空间性不仅可以澄清结果, 而且可以丰富对其背后过程的解释和理解。在导致社会和健康差别的永久化环境中, 我们必须更好地理解隔离和结构性不平等的可能作用。

La Gran Recesión exacerbó de modo notable la desigualdad del ingreso y podría también haber magnificado el acceso desigual a la alimentación saludable en los Estados Unidos. Existe una apremiante necesidad de examinar los efectos de la Gran Recesión sobre áreas pequeñas, especialmente entre las poblaciones minoritarias que fueron objetivo desproporcionado de préstamos depredadores y experimentaron las tasas más altas de ejecuciones hipotecarias. Para explorar cómo interactuó la Gran Recesión con el paisaje alimentario a nivel local se implementó un análisis contrafactual cuasiexperimental extendido por modelos econométricos espaciales para cuantificar el impacto del riesgo de ejecución hipotecaria al acceso a supermercados en Chicago. Los vecindarios de bajos ingresos y mayoría negra, con los riesgos más altos de ejecución hipotecaria, experimentaron un pequeño, aunque significativo empeoramiento de la accesibilidad alimentaria después de la Gran Recesión, reflejando así una crisis compuesta de segregación estructural y vulnerabilidad económica. Los resultados sugieren, además, que la interpretación por inferencia es sensible tanto para enmarcar el diseño de investigación como los procesos subyacentes que controlan las relaciones geográficamente distribuidas. Para un fenómeno tan espacial como la segregación y la ejecución hipotecaria, hacer explícito el espacio podría no solo clarificar los resultados sino también enriquecer la interpretación y el entendimiento de los procesos subyacentes. Es esencial entender mejor el papel que la segregación y la desigualdad estructural podrían tener para perpetuar los entornos que contribuyen a las disparidades sociales y de salud.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2021.1922296.

Notes

1 Pixels not included in the road network had a value of zero.

2 For a more complete discussion of DID analyses and spatially extended examples, see Kolak and Anselin (Citation2019).

3 Statistical models were implemented in R using the plm and splm packages (Croissant and Millo Citation2008; Millo and Piras Citation2012).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Marynia Kolak

MARYNIA KOLAK is a Senior Lecturer in GIScience and Assistant Director of Health Informatics at the Center for Spatial Data Science at the University of Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research explores and distills how place affects, interacts with, and reinforces health across different risk environments and populations using policy-driven, systems-integrating approaches.

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