“What to do when you’re raped”: Indigenous women critiquing and coping through a rhetoric of survivance

ABSTRACT

Native women and girls suffer sexual violence at the highest rate of any demographic in the United States—primarily perpetrated by non-Native assailants. In this essay, we explore how dominant Euro-American discourses regarding trauma, sexual violence, and indigenous peoples complicate this epidemic. These discourses individualize trauma, assign it an unrealistic linear timeline that presupposes a stable subject position, and ignore the experiences of women of color. Such rhetoric renders Native bodies as disposable and disguises structural oppression by blaming women for the sexual violence committed against them. Ultimately, we argue that rhetoric of survivance, which combines survival, endurance, and resistance to assert Native presence over historical absence and perceived oblivion, creates a space in which communities disproportionately affected by violence can simultaneously practice collective coping methods while also challenging dominant discourses. To advance this argument we conduct a rhetorical analysis of the illustrated handbook, What to Do When You’re Raped: An ABC Handbook for Native Girls, which was produced by a Native American women’s organization to address sexual violence. We explore how four central characteristics of survivance—infinitive temporality, storytelling, collective agency, and structural critique—assert Native presence and make visible the problem of sexual violence against Native women.

KEYWORDS:

• Native American
• sexual violence
• trauma
• survivance
• settler colonialism

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Robert Terrill, Matthew Richards and the QJS editorial team for their valuable feedback on this essay.

ORCID

Valerie N. Wieskamp http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-8624

Notes

1 Lucy M. Bonner, What to Do When You’re Raped: An ABC Handbook for Native Girls, ed. Charon Asetoyer, Elizabeth Black Bull, Donna Haukaas, and Pamela Kingfisher (Lake Andes, SD: Native American Women’s Health Education Resource Center, 2016), https://forwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/abc_handbook_for_native_girls.pdf.

2 Rebecca McCray, “A Grim How-To Manual Steps in to Help Native American Women Where the Government Won’t,” Takepart, February 27, 2016, http://www.takepart.com/article/2016/02/27/native-women-sexual-assault-book.

3 Lawrence A. Greenfield and Steven K. Smith, “American Indians and Crime,” (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 1999), https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/aic.pdf; Amnesty International USA, Maze of Injustice: The Failure to Protect Indigenous Women from Sexual Violence in the USA (New York: Amnesty International Publications, 2007), 2–4, https://www.amnestyusa.org/pdfs/mazeofinjustice.pdf. It is important to note that these statistics apply to those who live both on and off reservations. In fact, most Native Americans do not live on reservations. However, the one distinction between those who live on the reservation is the myriad of legal obstacles they face when pursuing legal actions.

4 Aimee Carrillo Rowe and Eve Tuck, “Settler Colonialism and Cultural Studies: Ongoing Settlement, Cultural Production, and Resistance,” Cultural Studies, Critical Methodologies 17, no. 1 (2017): 4, doi:10.1177/1532708616653693.

5 Gerald Vizenor, “Aesthetics of Survivance: Literary Theory and Practice,” in Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence, ed. Gerald Vizenor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 1.

6 Melodie Edwards, “Handbook Teaches Native Women About Their Right to Access Morning After Pill,” Wyoming Public Media, April 27, 2016, https://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/post/handbook-teaches-native-women-about-their-right-access-morning-after-pill#stream/0; Sarah Ruiz-Grossman, “This Book Gives Native Girls The Tools to Seek Help after Getting Raped,” The Huffington Post, February 29, 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/book-native-girls-rape_us_56d0af2ce4b03260bf76c2ba?xoq4obt9; McCray, “A Grim How-To Manual”; Sydney Parker, “Native American Mothers Ask: ‘What Do I Tell My Daughter When She Is Raped?’” The Guardian, March 17, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/17/native-american-rape-reservations-sex-assault; Kenrya Rank, “New Book Helps Native American Girls Cope after Sexual Assault,” Colorlines, March 4, 2016, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/new-book-helps-native-american-girls-cope-after-sexual-assault.

7 Lucy Majette Bonner, “What to Do When You’re Raped,” Lucy M. Bonner, http://lucymbonner.com/nawherc.html (accessed August 8, 2019).

8 Within Native studies, Gerald Vizenor is credited as the first to employ “survivance” in reference to contemporary Native American literature and storytelling in Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1999). Other Native Studies sources: Gerald Vizenor, Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008); Mary Paniccia Carden, “‘The Unkillable Mother:’ Sovereignty and Survivance in Louise Erdrich’s The Round House,” Studies in American Indian Literatures 18, no. 2 (2018): 94–116, doi:10.5250/studamerindilite.30.1.0094; Sonya Atalay, “No Sense of the Struggle: Creating a Context for Survivance at the NMAI,” American Indian Quarterly 30, no. 3/4 (2006): 597–618, doi:10.1353/aiq.2006.0016; Rauna Kuokkanen, “‘Survivance’ in Sami and First Nations Boarding School Narratives: Reading Novels by Kerttu Vuolab and Shirley Sterling,” American Indian Quarterly 27, no. 3/4 (2003): 697–726, doi:10.1353/aiq.2004.0080. Scholarship on the rhetoric of survivance is limited and appears most often in rhetoric and composition studies. These include: Ernest Stromberg, American Indian Rhetorics of Survivance: Word Medicine, Word Magic (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006); Malea Powell, “Rhetorics of Survivance: How American Indians Use Writing,” College Composition and Communication 53, no. 3 (2002): 396–434, doi:10.2307/1512132; Lisa King, Rose Gubele, and Joyce Rain Anderson, eds., Survivance, Sovereignty, and Story: Teaching American Indian Rhetorics (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2015); Lisa Tatonetti, “Disrupting a Story of Loss: Charles Eastman and Nicholas Black Elk Narrate Survivance,” Western American Literature 39, no. 3 (2004): 279–312, doi:10.1353/wal.2004.0011; Sarah Klotz, “Impossible Rhetorics of Survivance at the Carlisle School, 1879–83,” College Composition and Communication 69, no. 2 (2017): 208–29. Outside of composition studies, there is a recent rhetorical studies publication: Stephanie Houston Grey, “The Tail of the Black Snake: Social Protest and Survivance in South Louisiana,” in Decolonizing Native American Rhetoric: Communicating Self-Determination, eds. Casey Ryan Kelly and Jason Edward Black (New York: Peter Lang, 2018), 225–43.

9 Vizenor, “Aesthetics of Survivance,” 19.

10 Atalay, “No Sense,” 279.

11 Vizenor, “Aesthetics of Survivance,” 1.

12 Vizenor, “Aesthetics of Survivance,” 1.

13 Atalay, “No Sense,” 279.

14 Ernest Stromberg, “Rhetoric and American Indians: An Introduction,” in American Indian Rhetorics of Survivance: Word Medicine, Word Magic, ed. Ernest Stromberg (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006), 1.

15 Jarrett Martineau and Eric Ritskes, “Fugitive Indigeneity: Reclaiming the Terrain of Decolonial Struggle Through Indigenous Art,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education, and Society 3, no. 1 (2014): IV, https://jps-library-utoronto-ca.proxy006.nclive.org/index.php/des/article/view/21320.

16 Stromberg, “Rhetoric and American Indians,” 3.

17 Stromberg, “Rhetoric and American Indians,” 4–5.

18 Claire Sisco King, Washed in Blood: Male Sacrifice, Trauma, and the Cinema (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2012), 19.

19 King, Washed in Blood, 12–13.

20 King, Washed in Blood, 22.

21 Teresa De Lauretis, Technologies of Gender (Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1987); Iris Marion Young, “The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Reflections on the Current Security State,” in Women and Citizenship, ed. Marilyn Friedman (New York: Oxford University Press 2005), 15–34.

22 Ariella Azoulay, The Civil Contract of Photography (New York: Zone Books, 2008), 255.

23 Valerie Wieskamp, “‘I’m Going Out There and I’m Telling This Story’: Victimhood and Empowerment in Narratives of Military Sexual Violence,” Western Journal of Communication 83, no. 2 (2019): 134, doi:10.1080/10570314.2018.1502891.

24 Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991): 1241–99, doi:10.2307/1229039.

25 Smiley, “A Long Road,” 310.

26 Urban Indian Health Institute, Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls: A Snapshot of Data from 71 Urban Cities in the United States (Seattle: Urban Indian Health Institute, 2017), 18, http://www.uihi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Missing-and-Murdered-Indigenous-Women-and-Girls-Report.pdf.

27 Urban Indian Health Institute, Missing and Murdered, 21.

28 Deborah L. Madsen, “On Subjectivity and Survivance: Re-reading Trauma through the Heirs of Columbus and the Crown of Columbus,” in Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence, ed. Gerald Vizenor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008): 5.

29 King, Washed in Blood, 37.

30 Jessica Valenti, The Purity Myth: How America's Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women (Berkeley: Seal Press, 2009).

31 Corey Rayburn, “Better Dead than R(ap)ed?: The Patriarchal Rhetoric Driving Capital Rape Statutes,” St. John's Law Review 78, no. 4 (2004): 1126, http://heinonline.org.proxy006.nclive.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/stjohn78&div=51; Anne Phillips, Our Bodies, Whose Property? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), 43.

32 King, Washed in Blood, 38.

33 Shani Orgad, “The Survivor in Contemporary Culture and Public Discourse: A Genealogy,” Communication Review 12, no. 2 (2009): 142, doi:10.1080/10714420902921168.

34 Stacy L. Young and Katheryn C. Maguire, “Talking about Sexual Violence,” Women & Language 26, no. 2 (2003): 43, doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.385.

35 Thomas Elsaesser, “Postmodernism as Mourning Work,” Screen 42, no. 2 (2001): 197, doi:10.1093/screen/42.2.193.

36 Elsaesser, “Postmodernism as Mourning,” 197.

37 David A. Frank, “A Traumatic Reading of Twentieth-Century Rhetorical Theory: The Belgian Holocaust, Malines, Perelman, and de Man,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 93, no. 3 (2007): 312, doi:10.1080/00335630701426793; and Petar Ramadanovic, “The Time of Trauma: Rereading Unclaimed Experience and Testimony,” Journal of Literature and Trauma Studies 3, no. 2 (2014): 1, doi:10.1353/jlt.2014.0027.

38 Cathy Caruth, “Introduction,” in Trauma: Explorations in Memory, ed. Cathy Caruth (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 7.

39 Leslie A. Thornton and David R. Novak, “Storying the Temporal Nature of Emotion Work Among Volunteers: Bearing Witness to the Lived Trauma of Others,” Health Communication 25, no. 5 (2010): 444, doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.483340.

40 Robert D. Stolorow, World, Affectivity, Trauma: Heidegger and Post-Cartesian Psychoanalysis (New York: Routledge, 2011), 55.

41 Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins.”

42 Sarah Deer, The Beginning and End of Rape: Confronting Sexual Violence in Native America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015), 5; and Amber Halldin, “Restoring the Victim and the Community: A Look at the Tribal Response to Sexual Violence Committed by Non-Indians in Indian Country through Non-criminal Approaches,” North Dakota Law Review 84, no. 1 (2008): 1, http://heinonline.org.proxy006.nclive.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nordak84&div=4.

43 Deer, Beginning and End, 4.

44 Deer, Beginning and End, 5.

45 Samuel D. Cardick, “The Failure of the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 to End the Rape of American Indian Women,” Saint Louis University Public Law Review 31, no. 2 (2012): 543; and Deer, Beginning and End, 4.

46 Cardick, “Failure of the Tribal,” 544.

47 For a discussion on the link between colonization, gender and violence see María Lugones, “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System,” Hypatia 22, no. 1 (2007): 186–209.

48 Deer, Beginning and End, 6.

49 Cardick, “Failure of the Tribal,” 544.

50 Amnesty International USA, Maze of Injustice, 4.

51 Amnesty International USA, Maze of Injustice, 15.

52 Sarah Deer, “Decolonizing Rape Law: A Native Feminist Synthesis of Safety and Sovereignty,” Wicazo Sa Review 24, no. 2 (2009): 160, doi:10.1353/wic.0.0037.

53 Andrea Smith, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 23.

54 Jack D. Forbes, Columbus and Other Cannibals: The Wetiko Disease of Exploitation, Imperialism, and Terrorism (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1992), 160.

55 Andrea Smith and Luana Ross, “Introduction: Native Women and State Violence,” Social Justice 31, no. 4 (2004): 1, https://www-jstor-org.proxy006.nclive.org/stable/29768269.

56 Hilary N. Weaver, “The Colonial Context of Violence: Reflections on Violence in the Lives of Native American Women,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 24, no. 9 (2009): 1553, doi:10.1177/0886260508323665.

57 Deer, Beginning and End, 41.

58 Rayna Green, “The Pocahontas Perplex: The Image of Indian Women in American Culture,” in Native Women’s History in Eastern North America before 1900: A Guide to Research and Writing, eds. Rebecca Kugel and Lucy Eldersveld Murphy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), 17.

59 Cherry Smiley, “A Long Road Behind Us, a Long Road Ahead: Towards an Indigenous Feminist National Inquiry,” Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 28, no. 2 (2016): 310, doi:10.3138/cjwl.28.2.308.

60 Deer, Beginning and End, 9.

61 Smith, Conquest: Sexual Violence, 3.

62 Halldin, “Restoring the Victim,” 4.

63 Smiley, “A Long Road,” 310.

64 John Sanchez and Mary E. Stuckey, “The Rhetoric of American Indian Activism in the 1960s and 1970s,” Communication Quarterly 48, no. 2 (2000): 126, doi:10.1080/01463370009385586.

65 Bonner, “What to Do.”

66 Bonner, “What to Do.”

67 Bonner, “What to Do.”

68 The familiarity of the ABC structure could also reflect the illustrator’s own cultural affinity. As someone who does not identify as Native, Bonner’s use of the ABC format as the basis for the book possibly demonstrates her own fondness for that structure. But we cannot forget that Native women collaborated in the creation of the book and were fully aware of the ABC format.

69 Randall A. Lake, “Between Myth and History: Enacting Time in Native American Protest Rhetoric,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 77, no. 2 (1991): 123, doi:10.1080/00335639109383949.

70 Stephen Jay Gould, Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 10–11.

71 Walter D. Mignolo, The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 152.

72 Vine Deloria Jr., God Is Red: A Native View of Religion, 3rd ed. (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2003), 62.

73 Matthew Brigham and Paul Mabrey, “‘The Original Homeland Security, Fighting Terrorism Since 1492:’ A Public Chrono-Controversy,” in Decolonizing Native American Rhetoric: Communicating Self-Determination, ed. Casey Ryan Kelly and Jason Edward Black (New York: Peter Lang, 2018), 105.

74 Mark Rifkin, Beyond Settler Time: Temporal Sovereignty and Indigenous Self-Determination (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017), 41.

75 Nicole T. Allen, “A Reconsidering Chronos: Chronistic Criticism and the First ‘Iraqi National Calendar,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 104, no. 4 (2018): 366, doi:10.1080/00335630.2018.1519256.

76 Brigham and Mabrey, “‘Homeland Security,” 110–13.

77 Madsen, “On Subjectivity,” 5.

78 Bonner, What to Do When You’re Raped, 1.

79 Bonner, What to Do When You're Raped, 5.

80 Bonner, What to Do When You're Raped, 17.

81 Bonner, “What to Do.”

82 Bonner, What to Do When You’re Raped, 19.

83 Bonner, What to Do When You're Raped, 21.

84 Barbara A Pickering, “Women’s Voices as Evidence: Personal Testimony is Pro-Choice Films,” Argumentation and Advocacy 40, no. 1 (2003): 1, doi:10.1080/00028533.2003.11821594.

85 Francesca Polletta, It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 2.

86 Lucy M. Bonner, “Introductory Letter,” in What to Do When You’re Raped: An ABC Handbook for Native Girls, eds. Charon Asetoyer, Elizabeth Black Bull, Donna Haukaas, and Pamela Kingfisher (Lake Andes, SD: Native American Women’s Health Education Resource Center, 2016), https://forwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/abc_handbook_for_native_girls.pdf.

87 Carden “‘The Unkillable Mother,’” 98; and Renate Eigenbrod, “‘For the Child Taken, for the Parent Left Behind:’ Residential School Narratives as Act of ‘Survivance’,” ESC: English Studies in Canada 38, no. 3 (2012): 278, doi:10.1353/esc.2013.0006.

88 Emerance Baker, “Loving Indianess: Native Women’s Storytelling as Survivance,” Atlantis 29, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 2005): 111, http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/1059.

89 Within the context of Natives studies see: Dolores Subia BigFoot and Megan Dunlap, “Storytelling as a Healing Tool for American Indians,” in Mental Health Care for Urban Indians: Clinical Insights from Native Practitioners, ed. Tawa M. Witko (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2006), 133–53; Kerstin M. Reinschmidt, Agnes Attakai, Carmella B. Kahn, Shannon Whitewater, and Nicolette Teufel-Shone, “Shaping a Stories of Resilience Model from Urban American Indian elders’ narratives of historical trauma and resilience,” American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 23, no. 4 (2016): 63–85, doi:10.5820/aian.2304.2016.63; Barbara K. Charbonneau-Dahlen, John Lowe, and Staci Leon Morris, “Giving Voice to Historical Trauma Through Storytelling: The Impact of Boarding School Experience on American Indians,” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma 25, no. 6 (2016): 598–617, doi:10.1080/10926771.2016.1157843.

90 See: James W. Pennebaker, “Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process,” Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (1997): 162–66, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x; James W. Pennebaker and Cindy K. Chung, “Expressive Writing: Connections to Physical and Mental Health,” in The Oxford Handbook of Health Psychology, ed. Howard S. Friedman (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 417–37; Elaine J. Lawless, Women Escaping Violence: Empowerment Through Narrative (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001); Danielle M. Stern, “‘He Won’t Hurt Us Anymore’: A Feminist Performance of Healing for Children Who Witness Domestic Violence,” Women’s Studies in Communication 37, no. 3 (2014): 360–78, doi:10.1080/07491409.2014.955231; Danielle F. Wozinak and Karen N. Allen, “Ritual and Performance in Domestic Violence Healing: From Survivor to Thriver Through Rites of Passage,” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 36, no. 1 (2011): 80–101, doi:10.1007/s11013-011-9236-9; Nancy Whittier, “Emotional Strategies: The Collective Reconstruction and Display of Oppositional Emotions in the Movement Against Child Sexual Abuse,” in Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, eds. Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper and Francesca Polletta (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 233–50.

91 Bonner, “Introductory Letter.”

92 Jo-Ann Episkenew, Taking Back our Spirits: Indigenous Literature, Public Policy, and Healing (Winnipeg, CA: University of Manitoba Press, 2009), 12–13.

93 Baker, “Loving Indianess,” 111.

94 Baker, “Loving Indianess,” 111–21.

95 Janna Knittel, “Sun Dance Behind Bars: The Rhetoric of Leonard Peltier’s Prison Writings,” in American Indian Rhetorics of Survivance: Word Medicine, Word Magic, ed. Ernest Stromberg (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006), 122.

96 Kuokkanen, “Survivance’ in Sami,” 700.

97 Rebecca Tsosie, “Native Women and Leadership: An Ethics of Culture and Relationship,” in Indigenous Women and Feminism: Politics, Activism, Culture, ed. Cheryl Suzack, Shari M. Huhndorf, Jeanne Perreault, and Jean Barman (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2010), 37.

98 Elizabeth Archuleta, “‘I Give You Back’: Indigenous Women Writing to Survive,” Studies in American Indian Literatures 18, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 90, doi:10.1353/ail.2007.0000.

99 Archuleta, “I Give You Back,” 97.

100 See: Robin Patric Clair, Pamela A. Chapman, and Adrianne W. Kunkel, “Narrative Approaches to Raising Consciousness About Sexual Harassment: From Research to Pedagogy and Back Again,” Journal of Applied Communication Research 24, no. 4 (1996): 241–59, doi:10.1080/00909889609365455; Tasha N. Dubriwny, “Consciousness-Raising as Collective Rhetoric: The Articulation of Experience in the Redstockings’ Abortion Speak-Out of 1969,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 91, no. 4 (2005): 395–422, doi:10.1080/00335630500488275.

101 Bonner, “What to Do.”

102 Bonner, “Introductory Letter.”

103 Teresa Evans-Campbell, “Historical Trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska Communities: A Multilevel Framework for Exploring Impacts on Individuals, Families, and Communities,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 23, no. 3 (March 2008): 317, doi:10.1177/0886260507312290.

104 Bonner, What to Do When You’re Raped, 16.

105 Bonner, What to Do When You're Raped, 17.

106 McCray, “A Grim How-To Manual.”

107 Renee Heberle, “Deconstructive Strategies and the Movement Against Sexual Violence,” Hypatia 11, no. 4 (1996): 68, doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1996.tb01035.x.

108 Rachel Hall, “‘It Can Happen to You’: Rape Prevention in the Age of Risk Management,” Hypatia 19, no. 3 (2004): 1–19, doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2004.tb01299.x.

109 Sarah Deer, “Sovereignty of the Soul: Exploring the Intersection of Rape Law Reform and Federal Indian Law,” Suffolk University Law Review 38, no. 2, (2005): 463.

110 Deer, “Decolonizing Rape Law,” 151; Cardick, “Failure of the Tribal,” 543.

111 Bonner, What to Do When You’re Raped, 20.

112 Bonner, “Introductory Letter.”

113 Bonner, What to Do When You’re Raped, 15.

114 See: Andrea Smith, “Not an Indian Tradition: The Sexual Colonization of Native Peoples,” Hypatia 18, no. 2 (2003): 70–85, doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb00802.x; B. Ashleigh Guadagnolo, Kristin Cina, Petra Helbig, Kevin Molly, Mary Reiner, E. Francis Cook, and Daniel G. Petereit, “Medical Mistrust and Less Satisfaction with Health Care Among Native Americans Presenting for Cancer Treatment,” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 20, no. 1 (2009): 210–26, doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0108; Christina M. Pacheco, Sean M. Daley, Travis Brown, Melissa Filippi, K. Allen Greiner, and Christine M. Daley, “Moving Forward: Breaking the Cycle of Mistrust between American Indians and Researchers,” American Journal of Public Health, 103, no. 12 (2013): 2152–59, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301480.

115 Larry EchoHawk, “Child Sexual Abuse in Indian Country: Is the Guardian Keeping in Mind the Seventh Generation,” NYU Journal of Legislation and Public Policy 5, no. 1 (2001): 99.

116 Amnesty International USA, Maze of Injustice; Timothy Williams, “For Native American Women, Scourge of Rape, Rare Justice,” New York Times, May 22, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/us/native-americans-struggle-with-high-rate-of-rape.html.

117 Deer, Beginning and End, xii.

118 Bonner, What to Do When You’re Raped, 14.

119 Sarah Deer, “Toward an Indigenous Jurisprudence of Rape,” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 121 (2004): 141, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy006.nclive.org/book/42560.

120 Kuokkanen, “‘Survivance’ in Sami,” 698.

121 Martin Luther King Jr., “Our God is Marching On!” The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, https://kinginstitute.standford.edu/our-god-marching (accessed November 15, 2019); Mychal Denzel Smith, “The Truth About ‘The Arc of The Moral Universe,’” The Huffington Post, January 18, 2018, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/opinion-smith-obama-king_n_5a5903e0e4b04f3c55a252a4.