Rhetorics of Democracy in the Americas

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Notes

1 John Adams’ Inaugural Address (1797) is another example: “America” | “people of America” | “American people.”

2 See National Archives. Declaration of Independence: A Transcription (U.S. National Archives and Records, 2023). www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript; Senate. “Proceedings and Debates of the 117th Congress, First Session.” Congressional Record, 164, no. 24 (2021): S589-D108.

3 FoxNews. “Ben Carson: Limbaugh Waged 'Persistent Fight' to keep American Free.” FoxNews, 2021. https://www.foxnews.com/video/6233098808001#sp=show-clips.

4 See Zachary Wolf and Curt Merill. “Biden's Congressional Address, Annotated and Fact-Checked. CNN, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/04/politics/biden-address-annotated/;

5 See Julie Davis. “A Senior Republican Senator Admonishes Trump: ‘America is an Idea, Not a Race’.” NYTimes, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/us/politics/trump-immigration-congress.html;

6 See Lewis Gordon, “Problematic People and Epistemic Decolonization: Toward the Postcolonial in Africana Political Thought,” in Postcolonialism and Political Theory, ed. Nalini Persram (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 123, 137.

7 See Walter Mignolo, The Idea of Latin America (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 151.

8 See Mignolo, The Idea, 77.

9 See Ramón Grosfoguel, “The Epistemic Decolonial Turn: Beyond Political-Economy Paradigms,” Cultural Studies 21, no. 2–3 (2007): 214; Mignolo, The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options (Durnham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 115, 227.

10 See Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, “Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 1, no. 1 (2012): 6; Maile Arvin, Eve Tuck, and Angie Morrill, “Decolonizing Feminism: Challenging Connections between Settler Colonialism and Heteropatriarchy,” Feminist Formations 25 (2013): 12; Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1995), 147; Mignolo, The Darker Side, 28, 206.

11 Yelena Dzhanova. “House Speaker Pelosi Said the Pro-Trump Rioters who Stormed the Capitol Chose ‘their Whiteness over Democracy.” BusinessInsider, 2021. https://www.businessinsider.com/pelosi-pro-trump-rioters-chose-their-whiteness-over-democracy-2021-1

12 Arthur de Gobineau, The Inequality of Human Races (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1915), 33.

13 See Jaime Mejía, “Latina and Latino Rhetorical Issues,” in Rhetoric, the Polis, and the Global Village, ed. C. Jan Swearingen and Dave Pruett (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999), 15–18; Damián Baca and Victor Villanueva, eds., Rhetorics of the Americas: 3114 BCE to 2012 CE (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Christa Olson and René de los Santos, “Expanding the Idea of América,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 45, no. 3 (2015): 193–8.

14 See Ralph Cintron, “Democracy and Its Limitations,” The Public Work of Rhetoric: Citizen-Scholars and Civic Engagement, ed. John Ackerman and David Coogan (Columbia, SC: The University of South Carolina Press, 2010), 98; Abraham Acosta, “Hinging on Exclusion and Exception: Bare Life, the US/Mexico Border, and Los Que Nunca Llegarán,” Social Text 113 30, no. 4 (2012): 105.

15 See Gayatri Spivak, “Responsibility,” Boundary 2 21, no. 3 (1994): 61.

16 See Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, ed. Nelson and Grossberg (Urbana, IL: Macmillan Education, 1998), 76.

17 See Mignolo, The Darker Side, 214.

18 Frantz Fanon, Black Skin White Masks (Pluto Press, 1986), 232.