An overview of progress in the development of Newcastle disease vaccines, from empirical to rational design in modern vaccine development

SUMMARY

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most devastating illnesses in the chicken industry. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) requires notification of ND as soon as it is discovered due to its enormous economic impact and the potential for rapid spread to naive birds in the region. This is attributed to ND’s tremendous socioeconomic value and its propensity to spread quickly to naive birds in the surrounding area. ND vaccinations have stood the test of time when it comes to disease prevention and control, having established a proven track record for 60 years. Even though these vaccinations protect against replication and infection to some degree, most of the highly pathogenic and phylogenetically different NDV isolates that are now going around can’t be stopped. To overcome these problems with immunisation, it’s essential to use ‘genotype-matched vaccines’, or vaccines that are made to target the most common genotypes (genotype VII and genotype XIII). Reverse genetic vaccines are the most promising new way to make vaccines that match a person’s genotype. There was no ambiguity in this observation. This study examines the target virus proteins and the safety of new vaccines for Newcastle disease (NDV). Researchers evaluate global strategies to ensure safe, effective, and easy-to-control vaccines. They consider established practices and new trends to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of different vaccine strategies. The study aims to make informed decisions about the most suitable approach for developing safe, effective, and easy-to-control NDV vaccines.

KEYWORDS:

• Newcastle disease (ND)
• vaccinations
• genotype-matched vaccines
• reverse genetic vaccines
• live attenuated ND vaccines
• conventional ND vaccination methods
• recombinant DNA-based ND vaccination methods

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all colleagues, especially Biotechnology Tebe-Shefa Co. for their moral support and services provided during this project.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Authors’ contributions

The authors have written, read, and approved the final draft of the manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This research is supported by Research and Development Department Tabashfa Biotechnology Co. located in Science and Technology Park of Islamic Azad University.