Elucidating the structure and cytochrome P450-mediated mechanism for novel metabolites of GDC-0575 in rats

Abstract

1. GDC-0575 is an ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor of ChK1 that is being developed by Genentech for the treatment of various human malignancies.

2. In a radiolabeled mass balance study of GDC-0575 in rats, two novel metabolites, named M12 (-71 Da,) and M17 (+288 Da), were detected as abundant circulating metabolites.

3. Subsequent mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that M12 was a cyclized metabolite of GDC-0575, whereas M17 was its heterodimer to the parent. We further determined that M12 was mainly generated by cytochrome P450 (Cyp) 2d2.

4. We proposed the potential mechanism was initiated by the oxidation on the pyrrole ring and subsequent cyclisation of the free primary amine onto C-3 of the pyrrole ring. This was followed by expulsion of cyclopropylcarboxamide and a loss of water to form intermediate I, which can be further oxidised to form M12, or dimerise with another molecule of GDC-0575 as nucleophile to form M17.

5. To verify this hypothesis, we attempted to trap the intermediate I with glutathione (GSH) trapping assay and the GSH conjugate on the pyrrole ring was identified. This suggests the oxidation on the pyrrole led to reactive metabolite formation and supported this proposed mechanism.

Keywords:

• GDC-0575 CYP
• metabolite identification
• novel metabolites
• cyclisation
• dimerisation
• GSH conjugation

Acknowledgement

We thank Drs Cyrus Khojasteh, Donglu Zhang and Kevin Johnson for valuable discussions.

Disclosure statement

The authors were employees of Genentech, Inc. or F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd when this work was completed.