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Articles

The Late Iron Age Type N stonewalled structures on the highveld of South Africa

Pages 245-270 | Received 18 May 2018, Accepted 13 Dec 2018, Published online: 14 Jun 2019
 

ABSTRACT

Stonewalled architecture first appeared on the South African highveld some five or six centuries ago in the landscape between Johannesburg and the Vaal River. The style of these oldest stonewalled structures is referred to as Type N. This paper describes Type N structures and the relevant archaeological details, before presenting their distribution patterns as observed in the remote sensing survey of a 9000 km2 study area in the northern highveld, between Johannesburg and the Vaal River. Combined with previous studies of the Type N structures in the southern highveld, these data allow a reappraisal of the Type N cultural expression. In this landscape, the rank-size distribution of Type N structures shows a hierarchy centred on the Suikerbosrand Hills. This suggests a degree of cultural continuity with the early nineteenth century Tswana capital that formed at their foot. The archaeological period described in this paper — that of the Type N cultural expression — can thus be considered the formative phase of a sequence leading to complex, urbanised state level organisation in this part of the world.

RÉSUMÉ

L’architecture en pierre fit son apparition sur le highveld sud-africain il y a cinq ou six siècles entre Johannesburg et la rivière Vaal. Le type des structures les plus anciennes a été nommé Type N. Cet article décrit les structures de Type N et les données archéologiques pertinentes, puis présente leur distribution telle qu’elle a été observée au travers d’un relevé par télédétection d'une zone d'étude de 9000 km2 située dans le nord du highveld entre Johannesburg et la rivière Vaal. Une fois ces données combinées aux études précédentes sur les structures de Type N dans le sud du highveld, une réévaluation de l'expression culturelle de Type N devient possible. Dans ce paysage, la répartition par taille des structures de Type N manifeste une hiérarchie centrée sur les collines Suikerbosrand. Ceci suggère une certaine continuité culturelle avec la capitale Tswana du début du dix-neuvième siècle qui se créa à leur base. La période archéologique décrite dans le présent article — celle de l'expression culturelle de Type N — peut donc être considérée comme la phase formative d'une séquence qui conduisit à une organisation complexe et urbanisée, au niveau de l'État, dans cette partie du monde.

Acknowledgments

This research would not have been possible without the generous help of dedicated, hard-working assistants at the University of the Witwatersrand. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of (in alphabetical order) Jessica Angel, Steve Banhegyi, Joe Byrne, Angelo Charalambous, Kerry-Lee Clark, Tamsin Hunt, Pamela MacQuilkan, Rebecca MacRoberts, Mathakane Matla, Eria Kissame, Kriyanka Naidoo, Cinzia Pollarolo, SBL GIS Services, Siphesihle Shongwe, Mncedisi Siteleki and David Witelson in detecting, identifying and classifying stonewalled structures on satellite imagery of the study area. Ultimately, none of this would have been possible without the freely accessible Google Earth software. All GIS analyses were performed on QGIS (QGIS Development Team Citation2018) and GRASS (GRASS Development Team Citation2018) software. Funding for the SGSWS project was provided by the South African National Research Foundation grant numbers 77578 and 85978 and by the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand. The LiDAR data were produced by Southern Mapping Geospatial.

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