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Articles

Dwelling after Makuria: the organisation and function of space in houses of the Funj period in Old Dongola, Nubia

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Pages 90-114 | Received 20 Jun 2018, Accepted 03 Jun 2020, Published online: 12 Jan 2021
 

ABSTRACT

Old Dongola, the capital of the Makurian kingdom of medieval Nubia, remained a significant town after the collapse of Makuria throughout most of the Funj period between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries AD. After its incorporation into the sphere of influence of the Funj sultan residing in Sennar, Old Dongola’s prominence within the region persisted as an important political and socio-economic centre. Remains of houses from the Funj period have been excavated as part of work undertaken by the Polish Archaeological Mission to Old Dongola since 1964. Preliminary reports from excavations of the houses enable an archaeological analysis focused on the function of particular spaces within their walls. The identification of the houses’ installations and the distribution of artefacts, as well as the localisation of traces of several household tasks, lead to conclusions regarding the multifunctionality of space within them. The abundance of ethnographic records concerning modern Nubian settlements provides valuable sources for the interpretation of the organisation of space in functional, symbolic, gender and privacy-related terms. This paper therefore presents an interpretation of the organisation of space within houses of the Funj period in Old Dongola on the basis of the analysis of accessibility and ethnographic analogy.

RÉSUMÉ

Le Vieux Dongola, la capitale du royaume makurien de la Nubie médiévale, demeura une ville importante après l'effondrement de Makuria, et ce pendant la majeure partie de la période Funj, entre le seizième et dix-neuvième siècles après J.-C. Après son incorporation dans la sphère d’influence du sultan Funj résidant à Sennar, l’importance du Vieux Dongola dans la région a persisté en tant que centre politique et socio-économique important. Des vestiges de maisons de la période Funj ont été fouillés dans le cadre de travaux entrepris par la mission archéologique polonaise au Vieux Dongola depuis 1964. Les rapports préliminaires des fouilles des maisons permettent une analyse archéologique centrée sur la fonction d'espaces spécifiques à l'intérieur de leurs murs. L’identification des installations des maisons et la distribution des objets, ainsi que la localisation des traces de plusieurs tâches ménagères, conduisent à des conclusions sur la multifonctionnalité de l’espace. L'abondance de documents ethnographiques concernant les communautés nubiennes modernes fournit des sources précieuses pour l'interprétation de l'organisation de l'espace en termes fonctionnels, symboliques, liés au genre et à la vie privée. Cet article présente donc une interprétation de l'organisation de l'espace au sein des maisons de la période Funj au Vieux Dongola sur la base d’une analyse de l'accessibilité et d’analogies ethnographiques.

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank Prof. Włodzimierz Godlewski, Szymon Maślak and Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology for kindly providing pictures and plans for this article.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Maciej Wyżgoł

Maciej Wyżgoł is a research assistant at the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, Warsaw. His research interests focus on the household archaeology and archaeology of identity in the Middle Nile Valley in the Funj period and on the archaeology of Islam in Africa. He is currently a team member of the archaeological mission to Old Dongola with an ERC Starting Grant UMMA for studying the liminal phase of Makurian society inhabiting Dongola, a former capital of the kingdom of Makuria.

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