![Sample our Area Studies journals, sign in here to start your access, latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5922/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Area-Studies.jpg"})
Abstract
Critics argue that liberal peacebuilding has resulted in the creation of a civil society populated with organisations that are artificial and externalised. These associations are contrasted with more locally-based groups that are considered to be more authentic and better able to build a hybrid peace that is emancipatory. At first glance, this characterisation appears to describe civil society in post-war Burundi, but on closer inspection a much more complex and interesting picture is revealed which challenges existing conceptualisations of post-conflict civil society. The paper finds that even associations that are deeply rooted in local communities are composites forged through their encounters with the global. Furthermore, this hybridity is not new. Rather it is the product of decades of prior hybridisation, raising important questions about the authenticity and legitimacy of these organisations and, ultimately, their ability to promote a peace that is transformative.
Notes
1. Pouligny, “Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding”; Richmond, A Post-Liberal Peace; Richmond, “Critical Agency, Resistance”; Mac Ginty, International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance; Cubitt, “Constructing Civil Society.”
2. Richmond, A Post-Liberal Peace; Richmond, “Critical Agency, Resistance.”
3. Richmond and Mitchell, Hybrid Forms of Peace; Mac Ginty, “Hybrid Peace”; Mac Ginty, International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance.
4. Richmond, “Critical Agency, Resistance.”
5. Palmans, “L’evolution de la société civile au Burundi”; Sebudandi and Nduwayo, Etude sur la strategié.
6. Mohan, “Disappointments of Civil Society”; McIlwaine, “From Local to Global.”
7. McIlwaine, “From Local to Global,” 1254.
8. Bhabha quoted in interview with Rutherford in “The Third Space,” 211; see also Bhabha, The Location of Culture.
9. Nadarajah and Rampton, “The Limits of Hybridity.”
10. Ashcroft et al. quoted in Peterson, “A Conceptual Unpacking of Hybridity,” 11.
11. Mac Ginty, International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance, 77.
12. Mac Ginty and Richmond, “The Fallacy of Constructing,” 230.
13. Millar, “Disaggregating Hybridity,” 501; see also Millar et al., “Peacebuilding Plans and Local Reconfigurations”; Visoka, “Three Levels of Hybridisation Practices”; Wallis and Richmond, “From Constructivist to Critical.”
14. Visoka, “Three Levels of Hybridisation Practices,” 23.
15. Hirblinger and Simons, “The Good, the Bad and the Powerful,” 422.
16. Ibid. 424.
17. Peterson, “A Conceptual Unpacking of Hybridity”; Nadarajah and Rampton, “The Limits of Hybridity”; Paffenholz, “Unpacking the Local Turn in Peacebuilding.”
18. Nadarajah and Rampton, “The Limits of Hybridity,” 51.
19. Mac Ginty, International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance, 72.
20. Richmond, A Post-Liberal Peace, 5.
21. Mac Ginty, No War, No Peace; Cubitt, “Constructing Civil Society.”
22. Pouligny, “Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding.”
23. Richmond, A Post-Liberal Peace; Richmond, “Critical Agency, Resistance.”
24. Cubitt, “Constructing Civil Society”; Mac Ginty, No War, No Peace.
25. Richmond, “Critical Agency, Resistance.”
26. Richmond, A Post-Liberal Peace.
27. Ibid., 13.
28. Richmond, “Critical Agency, Resistance.”
29. Richmond and Mitchell, Hybrid Forms of Peace; Mac Ginty, International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance.
30. McIlwaine, “From Local to Global”; Mohan, “Disappointments of Civil Society.”
31. Buttigieg “Contemporary Discourse on Civil Society,” 38.
32. McIlwaine, “From Local to Global,” 1255–7.
33. Daley, Gender and Genocide in Burundi; Lemarchand, Burundi; Lemarchand, Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa; Uvin, “Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda”; Uvin, Life After Violence; Watt, Burundi.
34. Daley, Gender and Genocide in Burundi; Uvin, Life After Violence.
35. Curtis, “International Peacebuilding Paradox”; Wodrig and Grauvogel, “Talking Past Each Other.”
36. Daley, Gender and Genocide in Burundi.
37. Palmans, “L'evolution de la société civile au Burundi.”
38. Sebudandi and Nduwayo, Etude sur la strategié.
39. Interview, September 14, 2014.
40. Vervisch and Titeca, “Bridging Community Associations in Post-Conflict Burundi.”
41. Niyonkuru, “Defending Civil Society,” 1.
42. Ibid., 1.
43. Daley, Gender and Genocide in Burundi.
44. Vervisch and Titeca, “Bridging Community Associations in Post-Conflict Burundi,” 506.
45. Ibid., 492.
46. Ibid., 492.
47. Laely quoted in Lemarchand, Burundi, 167.
48. Ingelaere and Kohlhagen, “Situating Social Imaginaries in Transitional Justice,” 42.
49. Ibid.; Deslaurier, “Le « Bushingantahe » Peut-il Réconcilier le Burundi?”
50. Daley, Gender and Genocide in Burundi, 47.
51. Ingelaere and Kohlhagen, “Situating Social Imaginaries in Transitional Justice,” 43.
52. Daley, Gender and Genocide in Burundi.
53. Interview, April 12, 2015.
54. Hirblinger and Simons, “The Good, the Bad and the Powerful.”
55. Ibid., 431.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., 433.
58. Interview, April 12, 2015.
59. Hirblinger and Simons, “The Good, the Bad and the Powerful,” 432.
60. Deslaurier, “Le « Bushingantahe » Peut-il Réconcilier le Burundi?”
61. Interview, March 30, 2015.
62. Interview, September 5, 2015.
63. Ingelaere and Kohlhagen, “Situating Social Imaginaries in Transitional Justice.”
64. Van Tongeren, “Potential Cornerstone of Infrastructures for Peace?”
65. Interview March 24, 2015.
66. Interview March 24, 2015.
67. Interview March 27, 2015.
68. Niyonkuru, Building the Peace Architecture.
69. Interview March 30, 2015.
70. Interview March 19, 2015.
71. Interview April 1, 2015.
72. Interview March 27, 2015.
73. Interview March 30, 2015.
74. Interview March 20, 2015.
75. Interview March 24, 2015.
76. Interview March 19, 2015.
77. Mac Ginty and Richmond, “The Fallacy of Constructing Hybrid Political Orders,” 230.
78. Visoka, “Three Levels of Hybridisation Practices,” 23; Millar, “Disaggregating Hybridity”; Millar et al., “Peacebuilding Plans and Local Reconfigurations.”