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Abstract
Although several studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of different Dianthus species, there has been only limited research into the cytotoxic effect of Dianthus carmelitarum. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the phenolic characterization and the cytotoxic effect of D. carmelitarum on human colon cancer (WiDr) cells and the possible mechanisms involved. Total polyphenolic contents (TPC) and phenolic characterization of the extract were evaluated using the Folin-Cioceltau method and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), respectively. The cytotoxic activity of the extract was determined using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mechanism involved in the extract’s cytotoxic effect was then evaluated in terms of apoptosis and the cell cycle using flow cytometry, while mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was investigated using the fluorometric method. The TPC value of the extract was 784.8 ± 40.3 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g sample, and sinapic acid and benzoic acid were detected as major phenolics in the extract. D. carmelitarum extract exhibited a selective cytotoxic effect (3.6-fold) on WiDr cells compared to normal colon cells. The extract induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase and apoptosis via reduced MMP in WiDr cells. Phytomedical and nutraceutical applications of D. carmelitarum may represent promising approaches in the treatment of cancer.
Acknowledgments
The authors also wish to thank Professor Ersan Kalay from the Karadeniz Technical University Medical Biology Department for professional assistance with the flow cytometry studies.
Disclosure Statement
None of the authors had any financial or personal relationships with other individuals or organizations that might inappropriately influence their work during the submission process.
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Notes on contributors
Ibrahim Turan
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Selim Demir
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Rezzan Aliyazicioglu
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Kagan Kilinc
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Serap Ozer Yaman
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Seyda Kanbolat
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Elif Ayazoglu Demir
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Ahmet Mentese
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Yuksel Aliyazicioglu
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.
Orhan Deger
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, and Orhan Deger contributed to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan Aliyazicioglu, Ahmet Mentese, Orhan Deger, Serap Ozer Yaman, Kubra Akbulut Cakiroglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, and Seyda Kanbolat contributed to final approval of the version to be published.