Mexican hawthorn (Crataegus gracilior J. B. Phipps) stems and leaves induce cell death on breast cancer cells

Abstract

Diverse molecules with cytotoxic activity against cancer cells have been isolated from the polar extracts of different parts of various hawthorn species that grow around the world. In Mexico, hawthorn (Crataegus gracilior) is popularly consumed, but its content of anticancer substances has never been evaluated. Because antitumor substances have been identified in polar and nonpolar extracts of many plants, we evaluated the cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells of petroleum ether, ethanol, and water extracts of the leaves and stems of C. gracilior. In contrast to other hawthorn species that contain anti-tumor substances in polar extracts, the petroleum ether extract (but not the ethanol or water extracts) of C. gracilior had cytotoxic properties (IC₅₀ < 50 µg/mL) inducing cell death by apoptosis. Two compounds reportedly having cytotoxic activity were identified by mass spectrometry in the petroleum extract of C. gracilior: β-sitosterol and tocopherol. Results suggest that he cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of the petroleum ether extract of C. gracilior could be exerted by the joint activity of β-sitosterol and tocopherol, possibly in combination with of other minor compounds. Because hawthorn is widely consumed in Mexico and Latin America its potential use as a functional food warrants further investigation.

Acknowledgments

Authors wish to thank the personnel at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional for their support during this research.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Council for Science and Technology Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CONACYT, Mexico [Cátedras CONACYT, No. 1728]; and the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado del Instituto Politécnico Nacional.

Notes on contributors

Juan Maldonado-Cubas

ESM, RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and EMAM conceived and designed experiments. JMC, EMAM, GEGC, CNQR, and RGCP performed the experiments. RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and GEGC analyzed the data. SME and EMAM contributed with reagents, materials, and analysis tools. JMC, RGCP, CNQR, ESM, EMAM, and GEGC wrote the paper. ESM, JMC, CNQR, EMAM, GEGC, and RGCP approved the final version of the paper.

Exsal M. Albores-Méndez

ESM, RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and EMAM conceived and designed experiments. JMC, EMAM, GEGC, CNQR, and RGCP performed the experiments. RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and GEGC analyzed the data. SME and EMAM contributed with reagents, materials, and analysis tools. JMC, RGCP, CNQR, ESM, EMAM, and GEGC wrote the paper. ESM, JMC, CNQR, EMAM, GEGC, and RGCP approved the final version of the paper.

Eduardo San Martín-Martínez

ESM, RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and EMAM conceived and designed experiments. JMC, EMAM, GEGC, CNQR, and RGCP performed the experiments. RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and GEGC analyzed the data. SME and EMAM contributed with reagents, materials, and analysis tools. JMC, RGCP, CNQR, ESM, EMAM, and GEGC wrote the paper. ESM, JMC, CNQR, EMAM, GEGC, and RGCP approved the final version of the paper.

Cinthya N. Quiroz-Reyes

ESM, RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and EMAM conceived and designed experiments. JMC, EMAM, GEGC, CNQR, and RGCP performed the experiments. RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and GEGC analyzed the data. SME and EMAM contributed with reagents, materials, and analysis tools. JMC, RGCP, CNQR, ESM, EMAM, and GEGC wrote the paper. ESM, JMC, CNQR, EMAM, GEGC, and RGCP approved the final version of the paper.

Gerardo E. González-Córdova

ESM, RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and EMAM conceived and designed experiments. JMC, EMAM, GEGC, CNQR, and RGCP performed the experiments. RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and GEGC analyzed the data. SME and EMAM contributed with reagents, materials, and analysis tools. JMC, RGCP, CNQR, ESM, EMAM, and GEGC wrote the paper. ESM, JMC, CNQR, EMAM, GEGC, and RGCP approved the final version of the paper.

Rocio G. Casañas-Pimentel

ESM, RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and EMAM conceived and designed experiments. JMC, EMAM, GEGC, CNQR, and RGCP performed the experiments. RGCP, JMC, CNQR, and GEGC analyzed the data. SME and EMAM contributed with reagents, materials, and analysis tools. JMC, RGCP, CNQR, ESM, EMAM, and GEGC wrote the paper. ESM, JMC, CNQR, EMAM, GEGC, and RGCP approved the final version of the paper.