Nutrient Patterns and Bladder Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Iran

Abstract

To examine the association between nutrient patterns (NP) and the risk of bladder cancer (BC) in the Iranian population, this Hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 306 participants (106 cases and 200 controls). The cases were newly diagnosed with BC (transitional cell carcinoma). Participants’ past year’s dietary intake was obtained via a valid 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Principal Component Analysis was applied to derive NPs considering the intake of the nutrients. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (ORs) and 95%CIs. Two main NPs were obtained - Mineral Dominant (NP1) and Fat Dominant (NP2). NP1 was characterized by a high loading of folate, total carbohydrate, iron, phosphorus, fiber, total protein, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. NP2 had high loadings of trans-fatty acid (TFA), poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), sodium, and cholesterol. Higher adherence to NP1 pattern significantly decreased the odds of BC (OR = 0.24, 95%CI: 0.09–0.67). In contrast, high adherence to NP2 resulted in almost a five-fold increase in the odds of BC (OR = 5.41, 95%CI: 2.26, 12.95). Variability in nutrient patterns has significant associations with the risk of BC, further highlighting the need to study patterns of nutrient intake rather than single nutrients.

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank all participations and their relatives who participated in this important study. We are also grateful to all staff members at the study hospitals for their help and support.

Authors Contributions

All the authors (MP, MH, FN, FY, BR) were involved in the preparation of the manuscript paper and approving the accuracy and validity of the research. MP and MH collected the data, MP analyzed the data and prepared the primary version of the manuscript. FN and FY contributed to revising and drafting the final version of the manuscript. BR has been in charge of the whole project. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Data Availability Statement

The study data is available and can be provided by the corresponding author.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.