I. Why Do Patrons Embark Upon Capacity Building?

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Notes

1 The National Archives (TNA), WO 106/1098, ‘Knox to CIGS, Possibilities of Guerrilla Warfare in Russia’, 5 March 1918.

2 Donald Stoker, ‘The Evolution of Foreign Military Advising and Assistance, 1815–2005’, in Kendall D Gott and Michael G Brooks (eds), Security Assistance, U.S. and International Historical Perspectives: Proceedings of the Combat Studies Institute 2006 Military History Symposium (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006), p. 33.

3 William Dalrymple, The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019).

4 TNA, WO 126/15, ‘Bushmanland Borderers, 1899–1902’.

5 Brian E Vick, The Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics After Napoleon (London: Harvard University Press, 2014).

6 Though this competition played out most intently beyond Europe – see Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia (London: John Murray, 1990) – it arguably culminated in the German facilitation of Bolshevik revolution in Russia as an act of deliberate strategy. See Stanley G Payne, Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949 (London: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

7 A position that evolved from policy prior to the treaty (see TNA, CAB 23/4, ‘War Cabinet Minutes’, 10 December 1917) and saw the Bolsheviks as the least bad option (see TNA, CAB 24/41/41, ‘Intelligence Bureau, Weekly Report on Russia by Colonel Jones’, 5 February 1918); it was a prospect that senior Bolsheviks dangled before Allied diplomats. See Vladimir Lenin, quoted in Geoffrey Swain, The Origins of the Russian Civil War (New York, NY: Routledge, 2013), p. 135; Leon Trotsky, ‘Note from Commissar for War Trotsky to Colonel Robbins on the Attitude of the Allies Should Brest-Litovsk Go Unratified’, in Jane Degras (ed.), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy: Vol. 1, 1917–1924 (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1951), p. 56; TNA, CAB 23/6, ‘War Cabinet Minutes’, 12 April 1918.

8 Vladimir Lenin, ‘Theses on the Present Political Situation, 12 May 1918’, Lenin’s Collected Works, Vol. 27 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), pp. 365–81; Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War (Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, 2008), p. 63; Parliamentary Archives, Westminster, LG/F/18/1/26, ‘Sir Eric Geddes to Lloyd George’, 29 June 1918.

9 Chicherin, ‘Protest to the German Foreign Ministry, 22 April 1918’, in Degras, Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, p. 71; TNA, CAB 23/6, ‘War Cabinet Minutes’, 3 June 1918.

10 Andrew Soutar, With Ironsides in North Russia (New York, NY: Arno Press, 1970), p. 26.

11 Lawrence James, Mutiny in the British and Commonwealth Forces, 1797–1956 (London: Buchan and Enright, 1987), pp. 133–34.

12 TNA, CAB 23/9, ‘War Cabinet Minutes’, 12 February 1919.

13 TNA, WO 106/1288, ‘Colonel Elmsley to WO’, 29 November 1918.

14 TNA, FO/175/7, ‘Poole to Lindley’, 16 August 1918; TNA, FO 175/13, ‘Nash to Balfour’, 9 September 1918.

15 TNA, CAB 23/9, ‘War Cabinet Minutes’, 12 February 1919.

16 TNA, WO 106/1233, ‘Knox to DMI’, 28 August 1918; TNA, FO 175/9, ‘Suggested Organisation of Food Control’, 31 August 1918; Churchill College, Cambridge, CHAR 16/7, ‘Churchill to Lloyd George’, 7 May 1919.

17 Brian Letts, SOE’s Mastermind: An Authorised Biography of Major General Sir Colin Gubbins KCMG, DSO, MC (London: Pen and Sword, 2016), chapter 5.

18 Giles Milton, Churchill’s Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare: The Mavericks Who Plotted Hitler’s Downfall (London: John Murray, 2016); Peter Wilkinson and Joan Bright Astley, Gubbins and SOE (London: Leo Cooper, 1993).

19 Richard J Aldrich and Rory Cormac, The Black Door: Spies, Secret Intelligence and British Prime Ministers (London: William Collins, 2016), pp. 247–54.

20 Susan Pedersen, The Guardian: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

21 Gregory A Daddis, Westmoreland’s War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. xix; John A Nagl, Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005), pp. 115–16.

22 John M Carland, ‘Winning the Vietnam War: Westmoreland’s Approach in Two Documents’, Journal of Military History (Vol. 68, No. 2, 2004), pp. 568–69.

23 Department of Defense, ‘Foreign Internal Defense’, Joint Publication 3-22, 2018, pp. ix–xiv.

24 William Rosenau, US Internal Security Assistance to South Vietnam: Insurgency, Subversion and Public Order (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007), pp. 77–78.

25 Richard W Stewart, ‘CORDS and the Vietnam Experience: An Interagency Organization for Counterinsurgency and Pacification’, in Gott and Brooks (eds), Security Assistance, U.S. and International Historical Perspectives, pp. 256–57.

26 Carl J Woods, ‘An Overview of the Military Aspects of Security Assistance’, Military Law Review (Vol. 128, 1990), pp. 71–72.

27 Stoker, ‘The Evolution of Foreign Military Advising and Assistance, 1815–2005’, p. 38.

28 Ibid., p. 39.

29 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin, 1992).

30 Ursula C Schroeder and Fairlie Chappuis, ‘New Perspectives on Security Sector Reform: The Role of Local Agency and Domestic Politics’, International Peacekeeping (Vol. 21, No. 2, 2014), p. 133.

31 Ibid., pp. 134–35.

32 Ibid.

33 Lisa Denney and Craig Valters, ‘Evidence Synthesis: Security Sector Reform and Organisational Capacity Building’, Department for International Development, November 2015, pp. iii–iv.

34 Shyamika Jayasundara-Smits, ‘From Revolution to Reform and Back: EU-Security Sector Reform in Ukraine’, European Security (Vol. 27, No. 4, 2018), pp. 453, 465.

35 United Nations, ‘Security Sector Reform’, <https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/security-sector-reform>, accessed 6 May 2020.

36 Schroeder and Chappuis, ‘New Perspectives on Security Sector Reform’, p. 135.

37 European Union, Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe – A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016), p. 8.

38 Jayasundara-Smits, ‘From Revolution to Reform and Back’, p. 453.

39 Schroeder and Chappuis, ‘New Perspectives on Security Sector Reform’, p. 134.

40 MoD and Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), ‘UK’s International Defence Engagement Strategy’, 2017, p. 2.

41 Land Warfare Development Centre, Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) Land Operations, AC 71940, 2017, pp. 11–12.

42 MoD and FCO, ‘UK’s International Defence Engagement Strategy’, p. 1.

43 Schroeder and Chappuis, ‘New Perspectives on Security Sector Reform: The Role of Local Agency and Domestic Politics’, p. 133.

44 Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What can be Done About it (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 17–37.

45 Ibid., p. 36.

46 Ibid., pp. 18–27.

47 UN, ‘Security Sector Reform (SSR)’, <https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/ssr/>, accessed 6 May 2020.

48 Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler and Dominic Rohner, ‘Beyond Greed and Grievance: Feasibility and Civil War’, Oxford Economic Papers (Vol. 61, No. 1, 2009), pp. 1–27.

49 Nicholas Sambanis, ‘Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War’, Perspectives on Politics (Vol. 2, No. 2, June 2004), pp. 259–79.

50 Collier, The Bottom Billion, pp. 131–33.

51 Jesse Dillon Savage and Jonathan D Caverley, ‘When Human Capital Threatens the Capitol: Foreign Aid in the Form of Military Training and Coups’, Journal of Peace Research (Vol. 54, No. 4, 2017).

52 Christine Cheng, Jonathan Goodhand and Patrick Meehan, ‘Synthesis Paper: Securing and Sustaining Elite Bargains that Reduce Violence Conflict’, Stabilisation Unit, April 2018.

53 Whitney Grespin, ‘From the Ground Up: The Importance of Preserving SOF Capacity Building Skills’, Journal of Strategic Security (Vol. 7, No. 2, 2014), p. 37.

54 Pollack, Armies of Sand, pp. 275–78.

55 Isabella Ginor and Gideon Remez, The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967–1973: The USSR’s Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).

56 Akehurst, We Won a War.

57 HM Government, CONTEST: The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism, Cm 9608 (London: The Stationery Office, June 2018), pp. 70–77.

58 Ilan Goldenberg et al., ‘Remodeling Partner Capacity: Maximizing the Effectiveness of U.S. Counterterrorism Security Assistance’, Center for a New American Security, November 2016, p. 8.

59 Ibid.

60 Renad Mansour, ‘More than Militias: Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces Are Here to Stay’, War on the Rocks, 3 April 2018.

61 Goldenberg et al., Remodeling Partner Capacity, p. 2; Tom Watts and Rubrick Biegon, ‘Defining Remote Warfare: Security Cooperation’, Briefing No. 1, Oxford Research Group/Remote Control, November 2017, pp. 3–4.

62 White House, ‘The US Strategic Approach to the People’s Republic of China’, 20 May 2020, <https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-Strategic-Approach-to-The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.24v1.pdf>, accessed 15 September 2020.

63 White House, ‘National Security Strategy of the United States of America’, December 2017, <https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf>, accessed 11 May 2020.

64 Department of Defense, ‘Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of The United States of America: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge’, 2018.

65 Ibid., pp. 2–4.

66 Tom Bridges, Alarms and Excursions: Reminiscences of a Soldier (London: Longmans Green & Co, 1938), p. 295.

67 TNA, CAB 23/9, ‘War Cabinet Minutes’, 10 January 1919.

68 On enlistment, a private is paid a salary of £20,000. See <https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/regular-soldier/benefits>, accessed 16 June 2020.

69 Observations by Jack Watling in 2016 and 2017 for going rates to irregular and regular forces.

70 Max Hastings, The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas, 1939–1945 (London: William Collins, 2015), pp. 260–82.

71 Aldrich and Cormac, The Black Door, pp. 247–54.

72 Steve Coll, Directorate S: The CIA and America’s Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2001–2016 (London: Allen Lane, 2018), p. 19.

73 Rosenau, US Internal Security Assistance to South Vietnam, p. 83.

74 Sean McFate, Goliath: Why the West Doesn’t Win Wars. And What We Need To Do About It (London: Michael Joseph, 2019), p. 8.

75 MoD, ‘Joint Concept Note 2/18: Information Advantage’, Development, Concepts, and Doctrine Centre, 2018, p. 4.

76 Amos C Fox, ‘In Pursuit of a General Theory of Proxy Warfare’, Land Warfare Paper 123, Institute of Land at the Association of the United States Army, February 2019, pp. 1–2.

77 Ibid., pp. 6–12.

78 Briefing delivered by US officials in Istanbul to Jack Watling, October 2018.

79 MoD, ‘Strategic Trends Programme: Future Operating Environment 2035’, Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre, 2013, p. 11.

80 Jonathan Powell, Talking to Terrorists: How to End Armed Conflicts (London: The Bodley Head, 2014), p. 7.

81 Schroeder and Chappuis, ‘New Perspectives on Security Sector Reform’, p. 133.

82 Ibid.

83 International Institute of Strategic Studies, Iran’s Networks of Influence (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020).

84 Nader Uskowi, Temperature Rising: Iran's Revolutionary Guards and Wars in the Middle East (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2019), pp. xiii–xiv, 2, 43, 64, 73, 87.

85 John Bradley, Allied Intervention in Russia (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1968), p. 211.