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ABSTRACT
Total and sequentially extracted fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonate, bound to iron and manganese oxides, bound to organic matter and residual) of eight heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb) were estimated in rhizosphere sediment along with their accumulation in roots and leaves of Phoenix paludosa plants at Dhamra estuary. The Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb content in rhizosphere sediments were 162.2, 563.3, 289.1, 228.8, 31,524.3, 475.5, 8.5 and 256.8 mg/kg, respectively. For almost all the heavy metals, sequential extraction estimation showed residual>bound to iron and manganese>bound to organic matter>bound to carbonate>exchangeable fractions. Exceptionally very high residual Cr (77.36%) and organic matter-bound Cd fraction (41.10%) highlighted the sedimentary mine run-off and industrial activities as their main source of pollution, respectively. Phoenix paludosa exhibited maximum bio-concentration (0.34), bio-accumulation (0.51) and translocation (0.50) factor for Cd. The primary results revealed the phyto-accumulation behaviour of different heavy metals in Phoenix paludosa and showed its relatively higher remediation potential for Cd and Cr pollution. In view of the above facts, heavy metals-polluted estuarine sites can be remediated through afforestation of Phoenix paludosa plant species.
Acknowledgements
The field work was carried out during coastal estuary sampling at Dhamra under SWQM, MoES, Govt. of India-funded project. The authors thank Director,CSIR-IMMT, Bhubaneswar and research team members of the project along with the forest department of Odisha Govt. for extending the necessary support. The authors also acknowledge the support of ORSAC, Odisha for GIS maps.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes on contributors
Dr. Manish Kumar is working as Principal Scientist at Environment and Sustainability department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India and work was undertaken during coastal sampling at Dhamra estuary. His principal research interests are heavy metals pollution, waste recycling and environmental research related to agriculture and forestry.
Mrs. Sanghamitra Mohapatra, MSc. in Botany, currently pursuing her PhD and has research work experience for pollution remediation through biochar. For the present research work, she was associated since inception and supported the execution of the work and analysis.
Dr. Adnan Asad Karim has accomplished his PhD and is interested in environmental pollution-related research work. While executing his Ph.D research work, he has actively contributed towards sample analysis and result interpretation of the present research work.
Dr. Nabin Kumar Dhal, Chief Scientist and Head, Environment and Sustainability department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India has about two decades experience in forestry research and currently pursuing work related to phytoremediation in mining area. He has guided and helped all the researchers during the present research work.