Tramadol: a valuable treatment for pain in Ghana and Nigeria

Abstract

Objective: Pain management is unsatisfactory worldwide, particularly in developing countries where access to opioids is restricted and cost is an issue. It is a major concern in West Africa and we therefore undertook a survey of pain experts to obtain a better understanding of the problems in the region.

Methods: Medical practitioners involved in pain management, identified via professional networks, were interviewed to share their experience in treating moderate-to-severe pain in West Africa. The questionnaire was based on an existing version modified to meet African conditions. Additionally, informal focus group meetings with palliative care physicians and pharmacists were conducted.

Results: A total of 11 questionnaires were returned. All respondents were physicians who reported availability of opioids in their clinics, but access to morphine was challenging and not possible in some rural settings. Obligatory maintenance of detailed records was considered a burden. The main concern raised was the risk of misuse/addiction. Seven of 11 respondents reported that they would use tramadol as an alternative to strong opioids if required and, interestingly, 9 of 11 considered it to be an essential medicine. Based on personal experience, the respondents noted that some properties of tramadol make it a key pain treatment option in West Africa (strong/fast-acting, better tolerated than NSAIDs, less addictive than other opioids and relatively inexpensive).

Conclusions: Most stakeholders who completed the survey indicated that tramadol was essential to provide optimal pain management in the absence of access to strong opioids.

Keywords:

• Analgesia
• drug misuse
• drug trafficking
• counterfeit medicines
• opioids
• pain
• tramadol
• West Africa

Transparency

Declaration of funding

This study was sponsored by Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany and prepared in line with Good Publishing Practice–3 (GPP-3) recommendations.

Author contributions: All authors participated in analysis and interpretation of data and critical revision of the article. The article was approved by all authors.

Declaration of financial/other relationships

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. CMRO peer reviewers on this manuscript have received an honorarium from CMRO for their review work but have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Steve Clissold PhD, Content Ed Net (Germany) for editorial support.