Comparison of different microextraction based sample preparation methods for Pt (IV) and Pd (II) ions in environmental water samples followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

ABSTRACT

In present study, efficiency of three rapid, simple, and reliable sample preparation methods namely dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (AALLME), and CO₂-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (CO₂-ALLME) have been compared for the extraction and preconcentration of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) ions in environmental water samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In this regard, the effect of various experimental parameters on efficiency of the methods like nature and amount of the disperser and extraction solvents, ionic strength, temperature, pH, etc., are investigated to reach high enrichment factors. Due to organic solvent consumption at µL level, all of the studied methods are inexpensive and convenient. The linear ranges of the calibration curves were 10.0–200, 6.0–175, and 6.0–175 μg L⁻¹ for Pd(II), and 20–200, 4.0–200, and 7.0–200 μg L⁻¹ for Pt (IV) ions in DLLME, AALLME, and CO₂-ALLME methods, respectively. Extraction recoveries of 81.4, 92.1, and 88.9% for Pd (II) and 85.3, 98.4, and 93.4% for Pt(IV) ions were obtained in DLLME, AALLME, and CO₂-ALLME, respectively. Finally, the developed methods were successfully used for the analysis of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) in various water samples.

KEYWORDS:

• Air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction
• CO₂-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction
• dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
• flame atomic absorption spectrometry
• palladium
• platinum

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Council of the University of Tabriz for financial support.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).