Detection of micro-toxic heavy metals in commercial ink powder brands via short-long orthogonal dual pulse LIPs and ICP-OES spectroscopic techniques for environmental protection

ABSTRACT

We successfully offer a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the micro-toxic elements that are found in various brands of commercial ink powders (CIPs) available in Saudi Arabia employing short-long orthogonal double-pulse laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (SLODP-LIPS), and an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The compositional analysis exploiting the fast detection SLODP-LIPS geometry is based on the received emission spectra of the laser-generated ink plasma flare to promote the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) compared to the single-pulse (SP) LIPS geometry. The investigated elemental composition of CIPs brands was compared with ICP-OES. The emission optical spectra of the CIPs contain spectral lines of aluminium, antimony, cadmium, calcium, carbon, chromium, copper, lead, iron, potassium, silicon, sodium, and zinc, with varying intensities. To overwhelm the struggle of inadequate SP-LIPS sensitivity or calibration-free LIPS (CF-LIPS) routine characterisation of the tested material and to accomplish a greater emitting volume, grander atomised mass, the lower detection limit, and higher plasma temperature, a double-pulse alternate for sample vaporisation were exercised in our work. The density and electron temperature of the spectral lines of the pertinent elements were deduced by stark-broadening and Boltzmann plot, with an average of about 1.23 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³ and 9300 ± 200 K, respectively. It was found that both outcomes from SLODP-LIPS and ICP-OES were in greater agreement. The analysis of different commercial ink brands shows that SLODP-LIPS is a potent scheme for the analysis of the micro-toxic trace element in any solids.

KEYWORDS:

• SLODP-lips
• micro-toxic heavy metals
• quantitative and qualitative analysis
• commercial ink powder and icp-oes

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, the College of Public Health & the Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam Saudi Arabia, and the Center for Environment & Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia for the assistance to acquire and use the necessary laboratory equipment.

Authors Contributions

Ahmed A.I. Khalil, Osama A. Labib, and Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu conceived the presented idea, concept, and design of the experimental plan and its execution. Ahmed A.I. Khalil, Osama A. Labib, Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu, Ahsan Mushir Shemsi, Akurathi V. Chndrasekhararao carried out the experiments, participated in data acquisition, and conducted the analytic calculations, and performed numerical estimation and calibration. Ahmed A.I. Khalil encouraged Osama A. Labib, Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu, Ahsan Mushir Shemsi, and Akurathi V. Chndrasekhararao investigated the optimum conditions for ideal case, determination of heavy metals contents in the test commercial ink powder brands, supervised the overall findings of this work, and contributed to the interpretation of the results and in writing of the manuscript. This work was part of a plan of the extensive collaborative research project, which was registered in Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, through the collaboration with Cairo University, EGYPT, and King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Ahmed A.I. Khalil and Osama A. Labib are the main supervisors of the work and Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu, Ahsan Mushir Shemsi, and Akurathi V. Chndrasekhararao are Co-supervisors. All authors participated in data analysis, discussed the results, critical feedback and helped in shaping the research, and contributed to the final manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

In this manuscript, the datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Consent to Participate

This manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue, and it is ‘Not applicable’ in this manuscript.

Consent for Publication

This manuscript does not contain data from any person, and it is ‘Not applicable’ in this section.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Ethics Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors

Financial interests

The authors declare that they have no financial interests.

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Funding

This manuscript does not have any funding to acknowledge;No Funder [NA];