https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3185-4108
![Sample our Engineering & Technology journals, sign in here to start your access, latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5933/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Engineering-Tech.jpg"})
Abstract
The simple structure and high robustness of heavy metal sensors were developed by implementing a GO/Au/FR4 Substrate configuration. In this study, the sensing characteristics of an in-house fabricated heavy-metal-ion sensor (HMS) with graphene oxide (GO) as the sensing element was presented. The HMS employed a three electrodes configuration architecture, while GO of various concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 mg/ml would serve as the sensing medium. The surface of the working electrode was decorated with GO through drop-casting technique. Several types of heavy metal ions such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) were used in this study. The concentration of each was prepared according to the maximum exposure limit imposed by the World Health Organization, with Pb (10 ppm), Hg (1 ppm), and Cd (5 ppm). The sensing performance was found to be proportionate to GO concentration when the sensor was exposed to 10 ppm of Pb. On selectivity test using 1 mg/ml of GO, the sensor exhibited superior sensitivity towards 10 ppm of Pb, ∼ 1666.6%; followed by 5 ppm of Cd, ∼512.8%, while 1 ppm of Hg being the least detected, ∼10.5%. This signified GO shows greater affinity towards Pb ions detection in comparison to others.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Universiti Sains Malaysia Research University for all the research facilities provided for this project.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Khi Khim Beh
Beh Khi Khim received BSc (Hons) degree in electrical and electronics engineering in 2014, MSc degree in 2017 from Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Currently, he is pursuing his PhD under the supervision of associate professor Dr Asrulnizam Abd Manaf. His research mainly on heavy metal ions sensor. His research interests include electrochemical sensors, photolithograhy, automation robotics and microfluidics. Email: [email protected]
Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
A Abd Manaf received the BEng and MEng degrees in electrical and electronic engineering and from Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan in 2001 and 2005, respectively. He received PhD degree in engineering from Keio University Japan in 2009. He is an associate professor at Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current research interest includes development of microfluidic-based DNA sensor integrated with CMOS circuitry, miniaturized of fluidic-based inclination sensor, bio inspired based microfluidic acoustic, pressure and flow sensor for underwater system, micro fluidic based memristor, micro fluidic based tuneable inductor, micro fluidic thermoelectric generator (mTEG)-based energy harvesting, graphene-based transistor and micro 3-dimension fabrication technique by using gray- scale technology. Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Khi Poay Beh
Beh Khi Poay received BSc engineering in physics and PhD in solid state physics from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in 2009 and 2015, respectively. He currently works in School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia as a contract lecturer. His field of interest includes synthesis and applications of III-Nitrides material, metal oxides, and graphene related compounds. Currently, he is involved several projects, including graphene based conductive inks and metal oxide batteries. Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Fong Kwong Yam
Yam Fong Kwong received his BSc (Hons) in physics and MSc in materials science and engineering from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and The National University of Singapore in 1992 and 1999, respectively. He obtained his PhD from USM in 2007, since then he has been working in USM. Currently, he is an associate professor in School of Physics, USM. His research mainly focuses on the fabrication and characterization of III-V nitrides, porous materials, and nanometer-scaled oxide semiconductor materials. He has authored and co-authored more than 70 peer-reviewed papers in various international journals. Email: [email protected]
Hwee San Lim
Lim Hwee San have been a lecturer in Unversiti Sains Malaysia (USM) after obtaining a PhD degree from USM in 2006. He obtained his BSc from USM in geophysics in 2001. He obtained his MSc degree and PhD degree from USM in environmental remote sensing in 2003 and 2006, respectively. His research interests lie generally in the field of optical remote sensing - both passive and active - and digital image processing, particularly as it applies to spectral image data. In both cases, the primary applications are water quality monitoring, air quality monitoring, land cover/change detection, land surface properties and digital images classification. He is also interested in modeling of the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols. His current effort focus on the applications of ground based LIDAR and satellite based LIDAR (e.g., CALIPSO, AIRS) data for air pollution and green house effects study. Email: [email protected]
Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri
Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri is a lecturer and researcher at the School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He obtained his BSc (1984) with first class honours in Physics from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, MSc (1991) in microprocessor technology and applications from Brighton Polytechnic, UK, and his PhD (1996) from University College of Swansea, Wales, UK, focussing on algorithms development for detecting curves from digital images using Hough Transform. He has more than thirty years teaching experience in the area of physics, optical communication, digital image processing, digital and analogue electronics and also microprocessor. His research interest is in the areas of microprocessor-based system, automation visual inspection system, nonlinear optics, optical sensor, digital image processing and remote sensing. He has published five books and more than three hundred articles in those areas in national and international proceedings and journals. He was awarded with more than ten excellence awards and medals for his excellence services, research and innovation. He is a life member of Malaysian Institute of Physics and member of International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), IEEE, WWF Malaysia since 2004, and Member of National Geographic since 1999. He was also an associate of IEE UK 1993 – 1996. Email: [email protected]
Chuan Wei Oo
Oo Chuan Wei is an associate professor at School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). After obtaining his BAppSc (Honours) with first-class honours in 2004 (USM), he continued his PhD study in organic chemistry under the Academic Staff Training Scheme Fellowship by USM and was awarded a short term research attachment sponsored by Malaysia France Embassy at ENSTIB, Universite Henri Poincare, France. His current research interest is synthetic organic chemistry particularly in photoluminescence polymers. His research group also works on synthesis of organic compounds and their evaluation for biological activities, and biomass study for their application in wastewater treatment. Email: [email protected]
Kazuaki Sawada
Kazuaki Sawada was born in Kumamoto, Japan in 1963. He received his PhD in system and information engineering from TUT in 1991. From 1991 to 1998, he was a research associate at the Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan. In 1998, he joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at TUT, where he is now serving as a professor and head of the Venture Business Laboratory. He was a Guest Researcher at the Technical University of Munich, Germany, in 2005. His current research interest includes the development of ultrahigh-sensitivity biosensing devices and microfluidic devices. Email: [email protected]