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Abstract
Anemia is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). If it is not diagnosed and treated at an earlier stage, it can hasten the progression and development of other diabetic problems. Due to overlapping symptoms from various disorders such as fatigue, diabetes, weakness, and pale skin, diagnosing the effect of anemia on the human body from a blood test is difficult. In this paper, a non-invasive way to diagnose anemia during blood transportation in the human body at an early stage using a non-implantable Epidermal Flexible Antenna (EFA) is proposed. It overcomes the drawback of the conventional invasive method that fails to analyze oxygen transportation levels from static blood leading to improper diagnosis of anemia. The EFA is placed on the supraorbital nerve of the eye region and acquires the signals radiated from the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The acquired signals are processed with Multisynchrosqueezing transform (MSST) and instantaneous frequency of blood flow is estimated. The instantaneous frequency is correlated with diabetes values and multiple regression model is applied for hemoglobin measurement. The proposed epidermal antenna is designed and simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software and the experimental values are ground truth verified with lab values, determined from blood samples yielding a 94% accuracy.
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Kannagi V
Kannagi V is working as associate professor in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, RMK College of Engineering & Technology, Tiruvallur, India. She completed her BE (ECE) from the Government College of Engineering (Bargur) in the year 1998 and her ME (VLSI Design) in 2005 from Anna University. Currently, she is pursuing her PhD in Information & Communication Engineering Department, Anna University, Chennai. Her research interest includes antenna design, digital image processing and medical electronics. Email: [email protected]
A Jawahar
A Jawahar, professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication has 29 years of teaching experience including 15 years of teaching for post-graduation program and 12 years of research experience. He received his BE (ECE) with first-class from Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, PGDCA with first-class from Alagappa University, Karaikudi, MS, in electronics and control engineering with first class from BITS, Pilani, MTech in remote sensing with first class from College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, and PhD, from SSN College of Engg, Anna University. He has published over 30 research publications in refereed international journals and 30 in the proceedings of international, national and IEEE Explore Digital Library conferences. He is a senior member of IEEE, a Life Member of ISTE, and a Life Member of IETE. He is teaching as well as guiding undergraduate, graduate students and PhD scholars. Under his guidance, four candidates have completed their PhD two have submitted their thesis and six candidates are doing their PhD. He has attended around 29 workshops/conferences and also organized two workshops. Email: [email protected]
Vijay Nath
Vijay Nath is an associate professor in the Dept of ECE, BIT Mesra Ranchi (JH) India. His research area includes microelectronics, VLSI design, ASICs, embedded systems, IoT & ML. He has to his credit around 210 publications in reputed Scopus & SCI journals and conferences. Three scholars were awarded PhD degrees under his supervision. He has completed four projects of value over Rs 1.0 crore for the Govt of India. He has edited 10 Scopus books/proceedings published by LNEE Springer on micro & nanoelectronics, computing & communication systems. He has a member of several professional societies IETE, ISTE, ISVE, and IEEE.