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Articles

Evaluating the effects of BMPs on agricultural contaminants using a novel method accounting for uncertainty in water flow and contaminant loads

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Pages 263-279 | Received 10 Jan 2018, Accepted 07 Feb 2019, Published online: 01 Apr 2019
 

Abstract

Field-scale studies have shown that beneficial management practices (BMPs), such as nutrient management plans and grass buffers, can reduce the downstream transport of non-point source contaminants. This study presents a novel method for evaluating the effectiveness of BMPs using in situ data. From 2005 to 2012, hydrometric monitoring and water quality monitoring were carried out at the outlet and along two main branches of a micro-watershed (236 ha) with a high proportion of cultivated land. The method was based on evaluating the uncertainty associated with the determination of water flow and agricultural contaminant loads, with the latter being based on statistical distributions of nutrient or sediment concentrations. Distribution of loads (i.e. April–November) was estimated in order to assess the cumulative effectiveness of all implemented BMPs with an emphasis in riparian buffers established on the micro-watershed under study at different spatio-temporal scales. Results showed the concentrations and loads of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3N) and particulate phosphorus (PP) were significantly lower following riparian buffer implementation. A significant decrease in NO2N and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+N) in the loads also occurred after riparian buffers were established. Spatially, a ratio approach based on comparing an export fraction (loads [kg] to nutrient balances [kg]) downstream from riparian buffers with that at the outlet of the same stream showed a significant reduction in the ratio downstream from the riparian buffer for TN and TP in 2009, with no significant reduction in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Ratios calculated on a seasonal basis showed the riparian buffers were less effective in the spring, as well as during seasons marked by one or more intense rainfall events.

RESUMÉ

Des études à l’échelle parcellaire démontrent que les pratiques de gestion bénéfiques (PGB) telles que les plans agroenvironnementaux de fertilisation et les bandes enherbées peuvent réduire les rejets diffus en aval. Cette étude propose une méthode permettant d’évaluer l’efficacité des PGB sur la base de données in situ. De 2005 à 2012, les suivis hydrométriques et de la qualité de l’eau ont été réalisés à l’exutoire de même que sur deux branches principales d’un micro-bassin versant (236 ha) possédant une forte proportion de superficies cultivées. La méthode repose sur l’évaluation des incertitudes associées à la détermination des débits et des charges de contaminants agricoles, ces dernières étant basées sur des distributions statistiques des concentrations en nutriments ou en sédiments. Une distribution des charges (avril à novembre) a été estimée afin d’évaluer l’efficacité des PGB en mettant l’accent sur les bandes riveraines implantées sur le micro-bassin à l’étude, et ce, à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles. Les résultats ont montré que les concentrations et les charges d’azote total (TN), de phosphore total (TP), de nitrate (NO3N) et de phosphore particulaire (PP) étaient significativement plus faibles après l’implantation des bandes riveraines. Une diminution significative de nitrite (NO2N) et d’azote ammoniacal (NH4+N) au niveau des charges était également notable après l’implantation des bandes riveraines. Au niveau spatial, une approche par ratio, basée sur la comparaison des fractions exportées (charges [kg]/bilans des nutriments [kg]) en aval des bandes riveraines avec les fractions exportées à l’exutoire du même cours d’eau, a montré une réduction significative du ratio en aval de la bande riveraine pour le TN et le TP en 2009, avec une réduction non significative en 2010, 2011 et 2012. Des ratios calculés au niveau saisonnier ont montré que les bandes riveraines étaient moins efficaces au printemps et lors de saisons caractérisées par un ou plusieurs événements de pluie.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Catherine Bossé and Geneviève Montminy of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) for providing data. Special thanks to Brook Harker, David Kiely, Terrie Hoppe and Valerie Stuart of AAFC for their coordination of the WEBs (Watershed Evaluation of Beneficial Management Practices) project. This project received financial support from AAFC (A.N. Rousseau, principal investigator of the project ‘Hydrological and Economic Modelling of the Impact of Beneficial Managements Practices on Water Quality in an Agricultural Watershed’ as part of the Growing Forward WEBs research and development programme).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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