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Research Articles

Hydrological behaviour of an unregulated eastern slope river under changing historical climate

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Pages 137-153 | Received 27 Jan 2022, Accepted 16 Mar 2022, Published online: 07 Apr 2022
 

Abstract

The Elbow River is an eastern slope river with headwaters in the Rocky Mountains in Alberta whose major end-use is a critical source of municipal water for Calgary. Overwinter precipitation in its watershed falls primarily as snow and accumulates as snowpack until spring melt. Precipitation falls mainly as rain from May until October. The river is unregulated above Calgary’s water supply reservoir, and its relatively undeveloped watershed makes it ideal for examining potential climate change impacts on river hydrology. Available historical hydrometeorological data (1967 to 2015) from the basin were assessed to study its hydrological behaviour under a changing climate. The analysis showed significant upward trends in both flow and precipitation variables, especially from 1979 to 2015. Significant increases in both annual flow volume and annual maximum daily flow (AM-flow), and later seasonal occurrence of AM-flow, were not observed in other eastern slope rivers. Although these changes could attenuate predicted water supply shortages, they could also potentially increase flood magnitudes. The analysis also revealed that three sub-watersheds, which are approximately equal in geographic area, contributed differing flow volumes during the high-flow season (May to October). The upper watershed contributed most (∼68%), followed by the middle (∼26%) and lower (∼6%) watersheds, on average. Extreme high-flow events (ie >90th percentile AM-flow) were strongly related to high rainfall events, but not significantly related to snowpack loss (or melt). Moderate AM-flows were positively related to both the cumulative snowpack loss before the high-flow season and the cumulative antecedent precipitation prior to the AM-flow, suggesting that the antecedent soil moisture conditions could play a role. Predictions of climate change impacts on this eastern slope river’s hydrology should thus consider the effects of meteorological variables and the moisture conditions of the watershed.

RÉSUMÉ

La rivière Elbow coule vers l’est depuis sa source dans les montagnes Rocheuses en Alberta, et constitue la principale source d’approvisionnement en eau pour la ville de Calgary. En hiver, la précipitation tombe principalement sous forme de neige dans son bassin versant et s’y accumule jusqu’au printemps où elle fond, et de mai à octobre, on a de la pluie. Ce bassin est idéal pour examiner les impacts potentiels du changement climatique sur l'hydrologie d’une rivière, la rivière n'étant pas régulée en amont du réservoir d'approvisionnement en eau de Calgary et son bassin étant relativement peu développé. L’analyse de données hydrométéorologiques historiques (1967–2015) du bassin a révélé des tendances significatives positive dans les débits et précipitations particulièrement de 1979 à 2015. Les augmentations significatives dans le débit annuel et le débit journalier maximal annuel (Dmax), et le retard dans l’occurrence des crues, n’ont pas été observés dans d’autres rivières des Rocheuses coulant vers l’est. Les changements observés pourraient atténuer les pénuries d'eau prévues, mais aussi potentiellement augmenter l'ampleur des inondations. L'analyse a également indiqué que les trois sous-bassins versants de grandeur comparable étudiés ont contribué à des volumes de débit différents pendant la saison des crues (mai à octobre), en moyenne ∼68 %, ∼26 % et ∼6 % pour les bassins supérieur, moyen et inférieur, respectivement. Les débits de pointe extrêmes (Dmax > 90e percentile) étaient fortement liés aux pluies extrêmes mais pas à la perte/fonte du manteau neigeux. Les évènements modérés de Dmax étaient à la fois positivement corrélés à la diminution du manteau neigeux et aux précipitations accumulées avant la saison des crues, suggérant un rôle des conditions antécédentes d'humidité du sol. Prédire les impacts du changement climatique sur l'hydrologie de la rivière Elbow devrait alors tenir compte des effets des variables météorologiques et des conditions d'humidité du bassin.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr. Alida Thiombiano (Geography, University of Calgary) for her assistance in abstract translation, and to two reviewers for their constructive comments.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was funded by the Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Canada. The second student author of this paper is funded by a doctoral scholarship from the National Council for Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT) and the University of Guadalajara.

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