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Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing
Journal canadien de télédétection
Volume 48, 2022 - Issue 6
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Research Articles

Temporal Variation in Surface Bidirectional Reflectance of the Railroad Valley Vicarious Calibration Test Site in Nevada

Variation temporelle de la réflectance bidirectionnelle de surface du site d’étalonnage vicariant de Railroad Valley au Nevada

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Pages 722-736 | Received 17 Mar 2022, Accepted 05 Aug 2022, Published online: 05 Sep 2022
 

Abstract

Spectral reflectance-based vicarious calibration (VicCal) requires accurate characterization of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of the ground-based target. Railroad Valley (RRV) Playa, Nevada, has been used as a VicCal test site since 1995 as it is large, appears stable over time, and has a reasonably consistent surface. This study presents the results of a diurnal measurement cycle that closely replicated illumination geometries for Earth Observing (EO) satellites over a year. By measuring the rate of change of the BRDF with respect to time, we recorded the range of BRDF effects while holding the surface constant with respect to moisture and surface condition variation. The rate of spectral reflectance change increased rapidly with view angle in the backscatter direction, reaching rates of change that are 2.3 and 10.5 times greater in the backscatter than in the forward scatter direction for view angles of 20° and 40°, respectively. The results show that larger off-nadir viewing angles in the backscatter direction are particularly sensitive to changes in solar/view geometries.

RÉSUMÉ

L’étalonnage vicariant basé sur la réflectance spectrale (VicCal) nécessite une caractérisation précise de la fonction de distribution de la réflectance bidirectionnelle (BRDF) de la cible au sol. Railroad Valley (RRV) Playa, Nevada, est utilisé comme site d’essai VicCal depuis 1995 parce qu’il est grand, semble stable dans le temps et a une surface raisonnablement constante. Cette étude présente les résultats d’un cycle de mesure diurne qui a étroitement reproduit les géométries d’éclairement pour des satellites d’observation de la Terre (OT) sur une année. En mesurant le taux de variation du BRDF par rapport au temps, nous avons enregistré la plage des effets du BRDF tout en maintenant la surface constante en ce qui concerne l’humidité et la variation de l’état de surface. Le taux de changement de la réflectance spectrale a augmenté rapidement avec l’angle de vue dans la direction de la rétrodiffusion, atteignant des taux de changement de 2,3 et 10,5 fois plus élevés dans la rétrodiffusion que dans la direction de diffusion vers l’avant pour des angles de vue entre 20° et 40° respectivement. Les résultats montrent que les angles de vue les plus éloignés du nadir dans la direction de la rétrodiffusion sont particulièrement sensibles aux changements dans les géométries de l’éclairement solaire et d’observation.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Drs. Kurt Thome and Jeff Czapla-Myers for their help in organizing the May 2018 VicCal field campaign. We would also like to acknowledge the field assistance and productive discussions with Drs. Carol Bruegge and Florian Schwandner. The authors would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their careful and thoughtful revisions.

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