Probiotics of Diverse Origin and Their Therapeutic Applications: A Review

Abstract

The increased awareness about the harmful effects of excessive use of antibiotics has created an interest in probiotics due to its beneficial effects on gut microbiota. These advantages of probiotics have attracted researchers to find out effects on human metabolism and their role in the treatment of diverse types of diseases or disorders. Additionally, they are clinically used as biocontrol agents in the treatment of mental disorders, anticancer agents and in decreasing the threat of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. In this review, we have focused on various kinds of probiotics and various nondairy substrates for their production. We have also included the importance of probiotics in the treatment of metabolic disorders, type II diabetes and infectious diseases. Furthermore, this review emphasizes applications of probiotics originated from different organisms. Their future health perspectives are discussed to gain insight into their applications.

KEY TEACHING POINTS

• The global market of probiotics is enormously rising day by day due to its highly beneficial effect on human microbiota.

• Additionally, these are used as biocontrol agents; mental disorders prevent cancer and decrease the threat of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants.

• This review focuses on various kinds of sources of probiotics and various non-dairy substrates for the production of probiotics.

• The importance of probiotics in the treatment of metabolic disorders, type II diabetes control, cancer and treatment of infectious diseases are also described.

• It emphasizes diversified probiotics and their applications in various human health aspects and future perspectives.

Keywords:

• Probiotics
• anti-nutritional factors
• Bifidobacterium
• Lactobacillus
• psychobiotics

Acknowledgments

All authors are responsible for the design, writing, and final content, and have read and approved the final manuscript. PS acknowledges the infrastructural support from Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Govt. of India, through FIST grants (Grant No. 1196 SR/FST/LS-I/2017/4) and Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (Grant no. BT/PR27437/BCE/8/1433/2018).The authors acknowledge Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India, for providing infrastructure facility. Mandeep acknowledges CSIR for providing Junior Research Fellowship by award no. 09/382(0211)/2019-EMR-1.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.