Screening of potential antigens from whole proteome and development of multi-epitope vaccine against Rhizopus delemar using immunoinformatics approaches

Abstract

Mucormycosis is a deadly fungal disease mainly caused by Rhizopus oryzae (strain 99–880), also known as Rhizopus delemar. Previously, mucormycosis occurs in immunocompromised patients of diabetes mellitus, cancer, organ transplant, etc. But there was a drastic increase in mucormycosis cases in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Despite several available therapies and antifungal treatments, the mortality rate of mucormycosis is about more than 50%. Currently, there is no vaccine available in the market for mucormycosis that urgently needs to develop a potential vaccine against mucormycosis with high efficacy. In the present study, we have screened 4 genome-derived predicted antigens (GDPA) through sequential filtration of the whole proteome of R. delemar using different benchmarked bioinformatics tools. These 4 GDPA along with 4 randomly selected experimentally reported antigens (ERA) were sourced for prediction of B- and T- cell epitopes and utilized in designing of two potential multi-epitope vaccine candidates which can induce both innate and adaptive immunity against R. delemar. Besides these, comparative immune simulation studies and in silico cloning were performed using L. lactis as an expression system for their possible uses as oral vaccines. This is the first multi-epitope vaccine designed against R. delemar through systematic pipelined reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatic approaches. Although the wet-lab based experimental validation of designed vaccines is required before testing in the preclinical model, the current study will significantly help in reducing the cost of experimentation as well as improving the efficacy of vaccine therapy against mucormycosis and other pathogenic diseases.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Mucormycosis
• epitope
• vaccine
• immunoinformatics

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to Dr. Krishna Mohan and Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur along with Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari for granting use of their computational resources.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author’s contributions

Manisha Pritam: Designing of study, performed the experiments and analysed the results. Garima Singh: Involved in analysing the results. Rajnish Kumar: Involved in designing of study and revised the manuscript. Satarudra Prakash Singh: Involved in designing of study, analyzing results and finalized the manuscript.

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.