The Geopolitics of Public Memory: The Challenge and Promise of Transnational Comfort Women Activism

Abstract

Japan conscripted a disputed number of “comfort women” to sexually service their soldiers in occupied territories during World War II. In the aftermath of war, this apparatus was ignored by international diplomacy, and few survivors related their experiences as sex slaves. However, during the early 1990s, sexual crimes against women achieved international attention, emboldened by and emboldening silence breakers whose personal experiences were both affirmed and negated by competing global stakeholders. Activists seeking recognition of and reparations for crimes against survivors of Japan’s comfort women system have since deployed memorials to contest Japan’s position that comfort women were sex workers. These memorials materially instantiate the conflicted interpretations of the scope and severity of Japan’s war crimes, whose undecidability signifies ruptures in the contemporary symbolic order of the United States, Japan, and South Korea alliance. This project examines how online audiences construct the meanings of the highly contested 2017 San Francisco memorial.

Keywords:

• Comfort women
• contested experience
• memorials
• narratives and geopolitics
• public memory
• social media audiences
• statues

Notes

1 Note use of the phrase comfort women is a convenience. As stated by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, the phrase “does not in the least reflect the suffering, such as multiple rapes on an everyday basis and severe physical abuse, that women victims had to endure during their forced prostitution and sexual subjugation and abuse in wartime” (Coomaraswamy, 1996).

2 A/51/10 Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its forty-eighth session, 6 May–26 July 1996, Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-first session, Supplement No.10. Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission—1996^, vol. II(2).

3 No posts were corrected for grammar or spelling.

4 https://japan-forward.com/about-this-site/.

5 http://scholarsinenglish.blogspot.com/.

6 http://scholarsinenglish.blogspot.com/.