Trust but Verify: Myths and Misinformation in the History of Women War Correspondents

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Notes

1 “War Correspondent’s Pass” (Peggy Hull Deuell Papers, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas Libraries, Lawrence, KS).

2 “Lists of Correspondents, Accredited + Visiting; Correspondence and Other Records Relating to Press Correspondence in Territory Occupied by Allied Armies, 1917–19,” Personnel, Miscellaneous, in REG 120: Record of the American Expeditionary Forces (World War I) General Headquarters; General Staff; G-2; Censorship and Press Division (G-2-D), Correspondence and Other Records Relating to Press Correspondence in Territory Occupied by Allied Armies, 1917–19, Personnel, Miscellaneous Box 6132 NM-91 Entry 228. National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

3 Arthur E. Hartzell, Captain, Inf., USA, G2D, GHQ, Am.E.F., to Colonel Moreno, March 3, 1919; “Lists of Correspondents, Accredited + Visiting,” Correspondence and Other Records Relating to Press Correspondence in Territory Occupied by Allied Armies, 1917–19; Personnel, Miscellaneous; REG 120 Record of the American Expeditionary Forces (World War I) General Headquarters; General Staff; G-2; Censorship and Press Division (G-2-D) Correspondence and Other Records Relating to Press Correspondence in Territory Occupied by Allied Armies, 1917–19, Personnel, Miscellaneous Box 6132 NM-91 Entry 228. National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

4 “Death Comes to Cecil I. Dorrian: News’s European Correspondent Saw Thrilling Events in Great War,” Newark Evening News, August 17, 1918; Associated Press, “American Woman War Correspondent, First Accredited, Is Dead,” Morning Herald (Gloversville, NY), August 19, 1926.

5 Carolyn M. Edy, The Woman War Correspondent, the US Military, and the Press, 1846–1947 (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017), 34.

6 “War Correspondence,” Woman’s Tribune, July 9, 1898.

7 Anna Northend Benjamin’s “War Correspondent’s Pass No. 226,” William Dummer Northend family papers, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript Archives and Rare Book Library, Emory University; and “She Saw Santiago with Our Army,” San Francisco Call, June 11, 1899.

8 Edy, The Woman War Correspondent, 18–21.

9 Library of Congress. “Accredited Women Correspondents during World War II,” Women Come to the Front, https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/wcf/wcf0005.html.

10 Edy, The Woman War Correspondent, 143–49.

11 Barney Oldfield, Never a Shot in Anger (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956).

12 Edy, The Woman War Correspondent, 128, 136–49.

13 Edy, The Woman War Correspondent, 52–58, 112.

14 “Lee Carson Reeves, War Correspondent,” New York Times, April 7, 1973.

15 Edy, The Woman War Correspondent, 18, 30n22.

16 Carolyn Edy, “Juggernaut in Kid Gloves: Inez Callaway Robb, 1901–1979,” American Journalism 27, no. 4 (Fall 2010): 83–103.

17 “Newspaper Women Open 38th Annual Convention Friday,” Mansfield (MA) News-Journal, October 27, 1938.

18 Inez Robb Letter to Seymour Berkson, managing editor of International News Service, undated, from unprocessed papers, Inez Callaway Robb, Robert E. Smylie Archives, College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho. Robb recounts the process of accreditation for her editor and indicates that she was writing sometime in early January 1943.

19 Employee’s Declaration Form NNI-140; and Ruth Cowan’s 1942 income tax return, which reported that she had earned $3,839.47 from salaries and other compensation for personal services, with deductible expenses of 743.59, and a net income of $3095.88. Ruth Cowan Nash Papers, Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

20 Ruth Cowan, “Why Go to War,” an unpublished manuscript, 63–64, Ruth Cowan–Papers, Schlesinger Library.

21 Edy, “Juggernaut in Kid Gloves,” 16; International News Service merged with United Press in 1958 and became United Press International.

22 “Interview with Ruth Cowan Nash by Margot H. Knight,” Women in Journalism oral history project of the Washington Press Club Foundation, September 26, 1987, page 23, in the Oral History Collection of Columbia University and other repositories.

23 Edy, The Woman War Correspondent, 120–24.

24 Margaret Bourke-White, Portrait of Myself (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963), 202; and Edy, The Woman War Correspondent, 93–100.

25 Edy, The Woman War Correspondent.

26 Catherine L. Covert, “Journalism History and Women’s Experience: A Problem in Conceptual Change,” Journalism History 8, no. 1 (Spring 1981): 2–6.; Carolyn Kitch, “Rethinking Objectivity in Journalism and History: What Can We Learn from Feminist Theory and Practice?” American Journalism (Spring 1999): 113–20.

27 Mary Beth Norton, In the Devil’s Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2002); and Mary Beth Norton, “Finding the Devil in the Details of the Salem Witchcraft Trials,” Chronicle of Higher Education, January 21, 2000.