The Colonial Path of Transition to Capitalism

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Notes

1 For further literature on the British Indian army one can refer to Cohen (2001), Duckers (2003), Gupta and Deshpande (2002), Heathcote (1995), Holmes (2011), Jeffreys and Rose (2012), Mason (1974), Omissi (1994), and Orme (1861–2).

2 For historians and writers extolling British rule in India, see Smith (1911, 1917, 1920), Hunter (1868, 1880, 1882), Malleson (1891), Maine (1880, 1875), Wheeler, Lyall (1893), Moreland (1920, 1929), Moreland and Chatterjee (1936), Cunningham (1871–73), Tod and Crooke (1920), Wilks (1930), Holmes (2011), Mill (1821), Malcolm (1826), and Elphinstone (1841).

3 For further reading on the ideological control exercised by colonial authorities, one can refer to Arnold (1993), Bayly (1997), Chatterjee (1993), Guha (1988, 1997), Nandy (1983), Rajan (1969), Raj (2000), Washbrook (1988), and Whitehead (2003).

4 For more information on British colonial education, see Carnoy (1974), Chaudhary (2007a, 2007b), Kochhar (2008), Mookerjee (1944), Odgers (1925), Pernau (2006), and Sundaram (1946).

5 For further discussion of these estimates, see Alavi (1982), Habib (1985), Marshall (1976), and Saul (1960).

6 Abwab is derived from the Arabic word bab, which means door, a section, a chapter, or a title. In the Mughal period, all temporary taxes over and above regular taxes were called abwabs ("Banglapedia," http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/A_0019.htm).

7 In any marriage ceremony, the panchayet (council of elders) of the mahalla (neighborhood) of the bride would receive a certain amount of money from the bridegroom as “nazrana” (a present). Ibid.

8 Begar was a form of social labour without payment. It was justified as a pious act to give free labour to the priestly classes. Such a free labour system is not to be confused with the use of slave and bonded labours Ibid..

9 Payment made for transfer of rights or ownership, possession or use of land.