![Sample our Politics & International Relations journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5947/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Politics-International-Relations.jpg"})
Notes
1 This article is based on a forthcoming book by the author, Baz-khani Jonbesh-haye Reformisti Socilaisti (Revisiting Socialist Reformist Movements), Tehran, 2022. The author would like to thank the reviewers of Socialism and Democracy for their comments.
2 Ralph Miliband, Marxism and Politics (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1977), 155.
3 Karl Marx, “The Chartists,” New York Daily Tribune, Aug. 25, 1852.
4 Karl Marx, “On the Hague Congress: A Correspondent's Report of a Speech made at a Meeting in Amsterdam on September 8 - 1872,” in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Collected Works: Marx and Engels:1871–1874 (New York: International Publishers, 1988), 23:255.
5 Karl Marx, “Parliamentary Debate on the Anti-Socialist Law,” in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Collected Works, Marx and Engels: 1874–1873 (New York: International Publishers, 1989), 24:248.
6 Karl Marx, “Marx to Henry Mayers Hyndman,” in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Collected Works: Marx and Engels: 1880–1883. (New York: International Publishers, 1992), 46:49.
7 Karl Marx and Jules Guesde, “The Programme of the Parti Ouvrier,” Marxists Internet Archive, 1880, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm.
8 Karl Marx, “Marx to Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis,” in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Collected Works: Marx and Engels: 1880–1883 (New York: International Publishers, 1992), 46:66.
9 Karl Marx, The Civil War in France, in Karl Marx Selected Writings, ed. David McLellan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 544.
10 Marx, Civil War, 541.
11 Pierre Birnbaum, “Universal Suffrage, the Vanguard Party and Mobilization in Marxism,” Government and Opposition 20:1 (1985): 53–69, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44483549.
12 Fredrick Engels, “Introduction to Marx’s Class Struggle in France,” Marxists Internet Archive, 1895 https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/intro.htm
13 Lucio Colletti, “Bernstein and the Marxism of the Second International,” in From Rousseau to Lenin: Studies in Ideology and Society (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972); Terrell Carver, Engels (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).
14 Hal Draper, Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977); Hal Draper, Karl Marx Theory of Revolution, (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2005), 5; Paul Kellogg, “Engels and the Roots of ‘Revisionism’: A Re-Evaluation,” Science & Society 55:2 (1991): 158–174, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40403133.
15 Edward Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism: A Criticism and Affirmation (New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1909), Preface, x–xi, https://archive.org/details/cu31924002311557/page/n11.
16 Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, 166.
17 Karl Kautsky, “The Russian Revolution,” in The Class Struggle, 1917, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1917/11/russian.htm.
18 Karl Kautsky, “Marxism and Bolshevism; Democracy and Dictatorship,” 1934, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1934/bolshevism/ch04.htm.
19 Kautsky, “Marxism and Bolshevism.”
20 Georgi Plekhanov Selected Philosophical Works, in Five Volumes (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1963).
21 Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development, ed. Tom Bottomore, trans. Morris Watnick and Sam Gordon, Reprinted, Economic History 132 (London and New York: Routledge, 2006). https://www.marxists.org/archive/hilferding/1910/finkap/index.htm.
22 Max Adler, “Metamorphosis of the Working Class,” in Austro-Marxism, eds. Thomas B. Bottomore and Patrick Goode (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978). See also J. M. Barbalet, “Limitations of Class Theory and the Disappearance of Status: The Problem of the New Middle Class,” Sociology 20:4 (November 1986): 557–575, https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038586020004006.
23 William M. Johnston, Karl Renner; The Austro-Marxist as Conciliator (Oakland: University of California Press, 1983).
24 Maurice A, Finocchiaro, Beyond Right and Left: Democratic Elitism in Mosca and Gramsci (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 12–13.
25 Antonio Gramsci, “The Revolution against ‘Capital’,” 1917, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/1917/12/revolution-against-capital.htm.
26 Antonio Gramsci, “The Turin Factory Council Movement,” 1921, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/1921/03/turin_councils.htm; Carl Boggs, Gramsci’s Marxism (London: Pluto Press, 1976), 104.
27 Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Prison Notebooks, eds. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1985), 106.
28 Gramsci, “Americanism and Fordism,” in Selections from Prison Notebooks, 279–318.
29 Karl Marx, “The Critique of the Gotha Program,” Marx-Engels Selected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1970), 3:13–30.
30 Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany, “Gotha Program (May 1875),” German Historical Institute, http://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1844; The Social Democratic Workers’ Party, “The Social Democratic Workers’ Party Eisenach Program (August 8, 1869),” German Historical Institute, http://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=1093.
31 Saeed Rahnema, “Lessons of the Second Revolutions: Revisiting the Russian, German, Chinese and Vietnamese Socialist Revolutions,” Socialism and Democracy 33, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2019.1649951.
32 A. J. Ryder, The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 196.
33 N. Vrousalis, “Erfurt Plus Councils: The Distinctive Relevance of the German Revolution of 1918–19,” Socialist History, 55, 2019, 27–46.
34 Manfred Steger, The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
35 Franklin C. West, A Crisis of the Weimar Republic: A Study of the German Referendum of 20 June 1926 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1985), 119.
36 DGB, German Trade Union Confederation, https://en.dgb.de.
37 Social Democratic Party, “Godesberg Program of the SPD (November 1959),” German Historical Institute, https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3049.
38 Alfred Grosser, Germany of Our Time: A Political History of the Post-War Years (London: Pelican Books, 1974).
39 Dennis Bark and David Gress, A History of West Germany; 1963–1988, Vol. 2 (New York: Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, 1993).
40 Gerard Braunthal, “The 1989 Basic Program of the German Social Democratic Party,” Polity 25, no. 3 (March 1993): 375–399, https://doi.org/10.2307/3234970.
41 Ashley Lavelle, The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century (Aldershot, Hants ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2008), 113.
42 Anthony Giddens, Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics (Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994).
43 August Palm “Speech at Hotel Stockholm, Malmö, 6 November 1881,” trans. Daniell Brandell, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/palm-august/1881/speech.htm.
44 Frans Ferdinand Severin, The Ideological Development of Swedish Social Democracy (Stockholm: Swedish Social Democratic Party, 1956).
45 Enn Kokk “The Party Program of 1897,” Swedish Social Democracy Archive, trans. Daniell Brandell, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/sweden/program-1897.htm.
46 Hjalmar Branting, “Why the worker’s movement must become socialistic?” trans. Daniel Brandell, 1886 Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/branting/1886/workers-movement.htm
47 Per Gunnar Edebalk, “Emergence of a Welfare State – Social Insurance in Sweden in the 1910s,” Journal of Social Policy 29:4 (October 2000): 537–551, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400006085.
48 Lars Edgren and Lars Olsson, “Swedish Working-Class History,” International Labor and Working-Class History 35 (1989): 69–80, https://doi.org/10.1017/S014754790000908X.
49 Torben Iversen, “The Choices for Scandinavian Social Democracy in Comparative Perspective,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 14, no. 1 (1998): 59–75, https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:oup:oxford:v:14:y:1998:i:1:p:59-75.
50 T. Notermans, “Europeanization and the Crisis of Scandinavian Social Democracy,” in Globalization, Europeanization and the End of Scandinavian Social Democracy, eds. R. Geyer et.al. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000).
51 Verlin Laatikainen, “Equality and Swedish Social Democracy: The Impact of Globalization and Europeanization,” in Globalization, Europeanization and the End of Scandinavian Social Democracy, eds. R. Geyer et al. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 139–165.
52 “Rating: Sweden Credit Rating 2022,” countryeconomy.com, accessed April 9, 2022, https://countryeconomy.com/ratings/sweden.
53 Anders Kjellberg, “The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007,” Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 1:1 (January 1, 2011): 67, https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v1i1.2336.
54 M. D. Hancock, “Sweden,” in Politics in Europe, 3rd Edition, eds. M. D. Hancock et al. (New York and London: Chatham House, 2003), 346–401; Lavalle, Death of Social Democracy. 145.
55 “Tax – Tax on Payroll – OECD Data.” OECD, accessed April 26, 2022, http://data.oecd.org/tax/tax-on-payroll.htm.
56 Odd Guteland, “Demographic Change and Progressive Political Strategy in Sweden” (Washington, D.C: Center for American Progress, April 2011), https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/04/pdf/sweden_report_draft.pdf.
57 Karl Marx and Jules Guesde, “The Programme of the Parti Ouvrier,” 1880, Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm.
58 Dietrich Orlow, Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2000), 12.
59 Philippe Burrin, France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998).
60 Orlow, Common Destiny, 25.
61 Ben Clift, “Economic Interventionism in the Fifth Republic,” in The French Fifth Republic, eds. Sylvain Brouard et al. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 153–173.
62 Orlow, Common Destiny, 39–40.
63 Adam Steinhouse, Workers’ Participation in Post-Liberation France (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001), 9.
64 George Ross, “Machiavelli Muddling Through: The Mitterrand Years and French Social Democracy,” French Politics and Society 13:2 (1995): 51–59, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42844466.
65 “110 Propositions for France,” in Wikipedia, March 3, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=110_Propositions_for_France&oldid=1009974561.
66 Linda Hantrais, “Ten Years of Socialist Social Policy: Continuity or Change?” in France During the Socialist Years, ed. Gino Raymond (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Group, 1994), 181.
67 Gosta Esping-Anderson, “Welfare States without Work: The Impasse of Labour Shedding and Familialism in Continental European Social Policy,” in G. Esping-Anderson (ed.) Welfare States in Transition. National Adaptation in Global Economies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996).
68 A. Martin, G. Ross, “Introduction: EMU and the European Social Model,” in Euro and Europeans: Monetary Integration and the European Model of Society, eds. G. Ross and A. Martin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 1–19.
69 Helen Drake, “François Mitterrand, France and European Integration,” in France During the Socialist Years, ed. Gino Raymond (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Group, 1994), 34–35, 38–39.
70 John Gaffney, “From the Republique Sociale to the Republic Francaise,” in France During the Socialist Years, ed. Gino Raymond (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Group, 1994), 28.
71 Clift, “Economic Interventionism,” 164.
72 Francois Hollande, “L’agenda du changement du PS,” 2012 francoishollande.fr. http://www.ps29.org/IMG/pdf/Projet_FH2012.pdf
73 Patrick Hassenteufel and Bruno Palier, “The French Welfare System,” in The Oxford Handbook of French Politics, eds. Robert Elgie et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 60–80.
74 “Collective Bargaining – OECD,” OECD, accessed June 1, 2022, https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/collective-bargaining.htm.
75 Colin Hay, The Political Economy of New Labour: Labouring Under False Pretenses? (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), 32–34.
76 E. P. Thompson, “The Poverty of Theory – Or an Orrery of Errors,” in The Poverty of the Theory and Other Essays, 1978 Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/thompson-ep/1978/pot/essay.htm.
77 Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, 1852, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ch01.htm
78 Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848, Marxists Internet Archive, 16, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdf.
79 Adler, “Metamorphosis of the Working Class”; Barbalet, “Limitations of Class Theory.”
80 Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 3; Orlow, Common Destiny, 9–10.
81 Michael Reich, David M. Gordon, and Richard C. Edwards, “A Theory of Labor Market Segmentation,” The American Economic Review 63, no. 2 (1973): 359–365, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1817097.
82 Hilary M. Lips, “The Gender Wage Gap: Debunking the Rationalizations,” WomensMedia.com https://web.archive.org/web/20110723042718/http://womensmedia.com:80/new/Lips-Hilary-gender-wage-gap.shtml
83 Brian Aitken, Ann Harrison, and Robert E. Lipsey, “Wages and Foreign Ownership A Comparative Study of Mexico, Venezuela, and the United States,” Journal of International Economics 40:3–4 (May 1996): 345–371, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(95)01410-1.
84 Ursula Huws, The Making of a Cybertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003).
85 Michael Harrington, Socialism: Past and Future, 1st ed (New York: Arcade, 1989), 19.
86 Orlow, Common Destiny, 9–10.
87 Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, “Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League,” 1850, Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/communist-league/1850-ad1.htm.
88 Robert Michels, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy, trans. Paul Eden (New York: Hearst International Library Company, 1915).
89 John Holloway, Change the World Without Taking Power (London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press, 2005); Axel Honneth, The Idea of Socialism: Towards a Renewal (New York: Polity Press, 2015); Bhaskar Sunkara, The Socialist Manifesto: The Case for Radical Politics in an Era of Extreme Inequality (New York: Basic Books, 2019); Vivek Chibber, “Our Road to Power,” Jacobin, December 5, 2017, https://jacobinmag.com/2017/12/our-road-to-power.
90 Saeed Rahnema, “A Review of John Holloway’s Change the World Without Taking Power,” February 6, 2022, https://pecritique.com/2022/02/06/در-باب-بحثهای-دولتمحوری-و-اختیار/; Saeed Rahnema, “Review and Critique of Baskar Sunkara’s book, The Socialist Manifesto,” in Radio Zamaneh, March 14, 2022, https://www.radiozamaneh.com/705042/; Saeed Rahnema, “A Critical Review of The Idea of Socialism by Axel Honneth,” April 15, 2022, https://pecritique.com/2022/04/15/سوسیالیسم -بدون -مارکس -سعید -رهنما/.
91 Saeed Rahnema, The Transition from Capitalism: Marxist Perspectives (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2017); Saeed Rahnema, “Radical Social Democracy: A Phase of Transition to Democratic Socialism,” in Varieties of Alternative Systems: Practical Utopias for an Age of Global Crisis and Austerity, eds. R. Westra, R. Albritton, and S. Jeong (London and New York: Routledge 2017).
92 Aside from some remaining radical left organizations in less-developed countries that advocate rupturous revolutionary strategies, in more advanced capitalist countries also there are writers who advocate such policies. As an example see Tyler Zimmer’s critique of the mentioned article by Vivek Chibber: Tyler Zimmer, “Is a Revolutionary Rupture with Capitalism Possible?” New Politics, Vo. XVII, Summer 2019. https://newpol.org/issue_post/is-a-revolutionary-rupture-with-capitalism-possible/.