Shell strength of freshwater molluscs and its implication on preservation potential

ABSTRACT

Shell strength of the modern freshwater molluscs Heleobia parchappii, Biomphalaria peregrina, Uncancylus concentricus, Musculium argentinum, Physa acuta, Succinea meridionalis and Pomacea canaliculata was quantified through load measurements and analysed using Weibull distribution, a statistical method used for brittle materials. In this study, we defined shell strength as the maximum compressive force required to break a shell per unit of resistant area, which is known as mechanical tension or stress. Intrinsic properties of shells were also measured through mineralogical and morphological characterisation. Shells were mainly composed of aragonite and varied in size and shell thickness, being P. canaliculata (biovolume = 10⁴ mm³) the largest and H. australis and H. parchappii (3.35 and 7.93 mm³, respectively) the smallest ones. The dominant microstructure was cross-lamellar, with layers that varied between one and four. The organic matter of the matrix varied between 1.58% and 4.24%. Shell strength differs among mollusc species. Smallest species have higher shell strength than larger ones because they have a smaller resistant area on which the load is applied, and therefore the resulting value of fracture stress increases abruptly. This may explain the dominance of H. parchappii in death and fossil assemblages from Pampa sediments.

KEYWORDS:

• Shell strength
• Weibull
• molluscs
• taphonomy
• freshwater

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Fernando Archuby, Dario Lazo and Claudio G. De Francesco for the helpful comments made on the original version of this manuscript and two anonymous reviewers that substantially improve this manuscript. We also thank, Eleonor Tietze for supplying samples of a few species, Mariela Desimone for XRD analysis, Fabrizio Pietrani for mechanical testing support and Martin Lere for TGA technical analysis support. Special thanks to Prof. J.M. Porto Lopez for sharing his knowledge in calcified materials. Financial support for this study was provided by the University of Mar del Plata (ING15/390).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the University of Mar del Plata [ING15/390].