Impact of end-stage renal disease on in-hospital outcomes of hypertensive emergency from the National Inpatient Sample, 2016 to 2018

Abstract

The prevalence and incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has been increasing. However, data on inpatient outcomes of hypertensive emergencies in patients with ESRD are lacking. We performed a retrospective study using the largest inpatient database in the United States. Hospitalizations for hypertensive emergency between 2016 and 2018 were identified from the National Inpatient Sample. Propensity score matching was performed between those with and without ESRD. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and secondary outcomes included end-organ complications of hypertensive emergency. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify potential risk factors of in-hospital mortality. Of 105,565 hospitalizations for hypertensive emergency, 15% occurred in patients with ESRD. Hospitalizations for hypertensive emergency in patients with ESRD were associated with higher odds of cardiac arrest (odds ratio [OR] 4.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53–13.3, P = 0.01) and acute pulmonary edema (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.15–3.65, P < 0.01) and a longer hospital stay (mean difference 1.15 days, 95% CI 0.88–1.43, P < 0.01). Age ≥65 years, obesity, atrial fibrillation, and malnutrition were associated with higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Our findings demonstrate the excess morbidities in patients with ESRD admitted for hypertensive emergency.

Keywords:

• ESRD
• hypertensive emergency
• hypertensive
• renal disease