Nephrolithiasis as a cause of hemoptysis

Abstract

We report a case of nephrobronchial fistula complicated by the development of a broncholith within the lung, which led to hemoptysis and blood loss anemia. A 71-year-old man with a medical history of untreated urinary stones was admitted for flank pain, hemoptysis, blood loss anemia, and exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis. Computed tomography showed staghorn calculi, terminal hydronephrosis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis of the left kidney, nephrobronchial fistula, and large intraparenchymal pulmonary calcification. Surgical treatment was performed in two steps: nephrectomy and then left lower lobectomy. Pathological findings were suggestive of chronic inflammatory changes.

Keywords:

• Blood loss anemia
• broncholithiasis
• bronchorenal fistula
• hemoptysis
• xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Disclosure statement/Funding

The authors report no funding or conflicts of interest. The patient provided consent for the case to be published.