Muscles in the Movies: Perfecting the Art of Illusion

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Notes

1 John D. Fair, Muscletown USA: Bob Hoffman and the Manly Culture of York Barbell (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999); John D. Fair, Mr. America: The Tragic History of a Bodybuilding Icon (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015).

2 See David L. Chapman, Sandow the Magnificent: Eugen Sandow and the Beginnings of Bodybuilding (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994) or David Chapman and Patricia Vertinsky, Venus with Biceps: A Pictorial History of Muscular Women (Vancouver: Arsenal Press, 2010).

3 Heather Addison, Hollywood and the Rise of Physical Culture (New York: Routledge, 2003).