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Articles

The Institutional Development of the Philippine Olympic Movement and the Current Rise of Its Olympic Athletes

Pages 247-281 | Received 31 Jul 2023, Accepted 05 Mar 2024, Published online: 15 Apr 2024
 

Abstract

The paper describes the institutional development of the Olympic movement in the Philippines from the American period to the contemporary era as it operates within the values of ‘Excellence, Respect and Friendship’ of Olympism. Using Bowen’s document analysis as a qualitative tool, the paper highlights the institutional changes and policy reforms in the Philippine sports governance in the development of the Olympic movement with emphasis on the promotion of athlete welfare in the Philippines. As an added dimension, the paper offers a passing review of the recent Olympic athletes’ protest in the Philippines and analyses the underlying assumptions of Filipino athletes’ passivity on social issues. Furthermore, the paper examines the significance of the Philippines Olympic Committee (POC) Athletes’ Commission in addressing the athletes’ rights and welfare as it interrelates and aligns itself with the goals and objectives of the International Olympic Committee Athletes’ Commission. More importantly, the paper proposes an Input-Process-Output-Outcome/Result (IPOOR) Model to measure the success of the POC Athletes’ Commission qualitatively in terms of the three levels of analysis espoused by the IOC Athlete’s Commission namely, input, output, and results, as ways forward in the promotion and development of the strategies, programmes, and projects of the Philippine Olympic movement.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

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3 Heather L. Reid, The Ideas of Ideals Behind the Ancient and Modern Olympic Games (Sioux City, IA: Parnassos Press, 2020), 6.

4 Rory Magrath, Athlete Activism: Contemporary Perspectives (London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2022), 1.

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6 Jean-Loup Chappelet, ‘The Governance of the Olympic System: From One to Many Stakeholders’, Journal of Global Sport Management 8, no. 4 (2023): 783–800.

7 Jean-Loup Chappelet, ‘The Unstoppable Rise of Athlete Power in the Olympic System’, Sport in Society 23, no. 5 (2020): 795–809, doi: 10.1080/17430437.2020.1748817.

8 Glenn Bowen, ‘Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method’, Qualitative Research Journal 9, no. 2 (2009): 27–40, doi: 10.3316/QRJ0902027.

9 Bowen, Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method, 27.

10 Ibid., 29.

11 Ibid., 30–1.

12 Ibid., 31.

13 Ibid., 31–2.

14 Ibid.

15 Eddie G. Alinea, ‘The POC Then and Now’, Manila Times, October 11, 2018, https://www.manilatimes.net/2018/10/11/supplements/the-poc-then-and-now/450743/ (accessed January 22, 2021).

16 Lou Antolihao, Playing with the Big Boys: Basketball, American Imperialism, and Subaltern Discourse in the Philippines (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015), 7.

17 Gerald R. Gems, ‘The Athletic Crusade: Sport and Colonialism in the Philippines’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 21, no. 1 (2004): 6.

18 Gerald R. Gems, Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets (New York: Lexington Books, 2016), 3.

19 Gerald R. Gems, ‘Sports, War and Ideological Imperialism’, Peace Review 11, no. 4 (1999): 573–6.

20 Stefan Hübner, Pan-Asian Sports and the Emergence of Modern Asia, 1913–1974 (Singapore: National University of Singapore, 2016).

21 Gerald R. Gems, ‘Race, Sport, and the American Occupation of the Philippines’, International Sports Studies 36, no. 1 (2014): 29–38.

22 Dennis V. Blanco, ‘Sports Governance Stakeholders, Actors and Policies in the Philippines: Current Issues, Challenges and Future Directions’, Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science 5, no. 3 (2016): 165–86, doi: 10.1080/21640599.2016.1227544.

23 Republic Act No. 3135, ‘An Act Revising Numbered Thirty Two Hundred Sixty-Two, Otherwise Known as the Charter of the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation’, June 17, 1961, https://chanrobles.com/republicactno3135.html (accessed November 23, 2023).

24 Republic Act No. 3135, ‘An Act Revising Number Thirty Two Hundred Sixty-Two’.

25 Blanco, ‘Sports Governance Stakeholders, Actors and Policies in the Philippines’, 168–9.

26 Micah Jeiel R. Perez, ‘How Gintong Alay Won Gold: Policy Evaluation of the Elite Sport Flagship Project under the Marcos Administration, 1978-1981: Thesis Manuscript’, June, 2021. Department of History, School of Social Sciences Ateneo De Manila University.

27 Perez, ‘How Gintong Alay Won Gold: Policy Evaluation of the Elite Sport Flagship Project under the Marcos Administration, 1978-1981: Thesis Manuscript’, June, 2021, 196.

28 Ibid., iv.

29 Ibid., 228.

30 Ibid., 219–21.

31 Ibid., 220–21.

32 Republic Act No. 232, ‘Otherwise Known as an Act Providing for the Establishment and Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education’, September 11, 1982, https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/13524 (accessed November 23, 2023).

33 officialgazette.gov.ph, Republic Act No. 6847, ‘Otherwise Known as an Act Creating and Establishing the Philippine Sports Commission, Defining Its Powers, Functions and Responsibilities, Appropriating Fund Therefor, and for Other Purposes’, January 24, 1990, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/01/24/republic-act-no-6847/ (accessed November 23, 2023).

34 Republic Act No. 7549, ‘An Act Exempting All Prizes and Awards Gained from Local and International Sports Tournaments and Competitions from the Payment of Income and Other Forms of Taxes and for Other Purposes’, May 22, 1992, https://psc.gov.ph/PSC%20Legal%20Mandate/Republic%20Act%20No.7549.pdf (accessed November 23, 2023).

35 Executive Order No. 63, ‘Creating the National, Regional, Provincial, City, Municipal, and Barangay Physical Fitness and Sports Development Councils (PFSDC)’, March 1, 1993, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/03/01/executive-order-no-63-s-1993/ (accessed November 23, 2023).

36 Executive Order No. 44, ‘Declaring the Philippine Youth Games-Batang Pinoy as the National Sports Development Program for Children’, December 2, 1998, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/12/02/executive-order-no-44-s-1998/ (accessed November 23, 2023).

37 Executive Order No. 79, ‘Declaring the Palaro ng Bayan as The National Community Sports Program’, March 5, 1999, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1999/03/05/executive-order-no-79-s-1999/#:∼:text=Approval%20and%20Adoption%20of%20the,and%20propagation%20of%20sports%20nationwide (accessed November 23, 2023).

38 Republic Act 9064, ‘National Athletes, Coaches, and Trainers Benefits and Incentives Act of 2001 or Sports and Benefits Incentives Act of 2001’, April 5, 2001. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/04/05/republic-act-no-9064/

39 Executive Order No. 535, ‘Rationalizing Pensions for Retired Athletes’, June 9, 2006, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2006/06/09/executive-order-no-535-s-2006/ (accessed November 23, 2023).

40 Executive Order No. 651, ‘Strengthening the Grassroots Program of the Philippine Sports Commission’, August 7, 2007, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/08/07/executive-order-no-651-s-2007/ (accessed November 24, 2023).

41 Memorandum Circular No. 49, ‘Authorizing All Government Agencies and Instrumentalities to Extend Support and Participate in the Laro’t Saya sa Parke “Project”, July 4, 2013, https://lawphil.net/executive/mc/mc2013/pdf/mc_49_2013.pdf (accessed November 24, 2023).

42 Republic Act 10699, ‘An Act Expanding the Coverage of Incentives Granted to National Athletes and Coaches, and Trainers Benefits and Incentives Act of 2001, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/11/13/republic-act-no-10699/ (accessed November 24, 2023).

43 Republic Act No. 10699, ‘An Act Expanding the Coverage of Incentives Granted to National Athletes and Coaches, and Trainers Benefits and Incentives Act of 2001’.

44 Ibid.

45 Ibid.

46 Noelle Andrea Padrones, ‘House Bill 65 Otherwise Known as an Act Creating the Department of Sports Act’, August 19, 2016, https://www.congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=9749 (accessed November 24, 2023).

47 Delon Porcalla, ‘Solon Pushes for Creation of Department of Sports’, Philstar.com, November 7, 2018, https://www.philstar.com/sports/2018/11/07/1866525/solon-pushes-creation-department-sports (accessed November 24, 2023).

48 tiebreakertimes.com.ph, ‘Substitute Bill Creating Department of Sports Approved’, Tiebreaker Times, August 16, 2018, https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/substitute-bill-creating-department-sports-approved/124419 (accessed November 23, 2023).

49 Republic Act 11470, ‘An Act Creating and Establishing the National Academy of Sports and Providing Funds Therefor’, June 9, 2020, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2020/06/09/republic-act-no-11470/ (accessed November 24, 2023).

50 Raymund Antonio, ‘Lady Solon Pushes for Separate PH Sports Development Department, Budget’, Manila Bulletin, October 25, 2022, https://mb.com.ph/2022/10/24/lady-solon-pushes-for-separate-ph-sports-development-department-budget (accessed November 23, 2023).

51 Antonio, ‘Lady Solon Pushes for Separate PH Sports Development Department, Budget’.

52 Congress.gov.ph, ‘House Approves Bill Mandating Sports Vouchers for Young Athletes, Funding Support for Sports Clubs’, August 16, 2023, https://www.congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=12634 (accessed November 23, 2023).

53 Congress.gov.ph, ‘House Approves Bill Mandating Sports Vouchers for Young Athletes, Funding Support for Sports Clubs’, August 16, 2023.

54 Blanco, ‘Sports Governance Stakeholders, Actors and Policies in the Philippines: Current Issues, Challenges and Future Directions’, 165–86.

55 Glendale G. Rosal, ‘Young Athletes Join Protest for Peping’s Ouster’, Cebu Daily News, September 21, 2017. https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/147857/young-athletes-join-protest-pepings-ouster (accessed July 17, 2023).

56 Rosal, ‘Young Athletes Join Protest for Peping’s Ouster’.

57 inquirer.net, ‘Flashback: ‘The Day Hidilyn Was Shocked over Inclusion in Oust-Duterte Matrix’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, July 26, 2021. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1464972/flashback-the-day-hidilyn-was-shocked-over-inclusion-in-oust-duterte-matrix (accessed July 17, 2023).

58 gmanetwork.com, ‘Hidilyn Diaz Vents out Frustration and Disappointment over Philippine Weightlifting, Industry’, https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/othersports/669300/hidilyn-diaz-vents-out-frustration-disappointment-over-phl-weightlifting-industry/story/ (accessed July 11, 2023).

59 Inez Z. Ponce de Leon, ‘Lifting Weights, Raising Voices: An Analysis of Reactions to Hidilyn Diaz Views on the South China Sea Issue after Her Olympic Gold Medal Win’, Sport in Society 26, no. 7 (2023): 1178–92, doi: 10.1080/17430437.2022.2117618.

60 Bong Lozada, ‘EJ Obiena Files Formal Complaint vs Patafa Says Claims Damaged My Reputation’, Inquirer.net, November 21, 2021. https://sports.inquirer.net/442387/ej-obiena-files-formal-complaints-vs-patafa-says-claims-damaged-my-reputation (accessed July 12, 2023).

61 spin.ph, ‘POC Declares Patafa’s Juico a Persona Non-Grata over Obiena Spat’, spin.ph., December 28, 2021, https://www.spin.ph/multisport/poc-declares-patafa-s-juico-a-persona-non-grata-over-obiena-spat-a1373-20211228 (accessed July 11, 2023).

62 Mark Giongco, ‘Patafa to Drop EJ Obiena from National Team, File Estafa Case’, Inquirer.net, January 4, 2022, https://sports.inquirer.net/446410/patafa-to-drop-ej-obiena-from-national-team-file-estafa-case (accessed July 11, 2023).

63 Luisa Morales, ‘Obiena Puts PATAFA Row Behind After COA Report, World Athletics Bronze’, Philippine Star, July 26, 2022, https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/07/26/2198102/obiena-puts-patafa-row-behind-after-coa-report-world-athletics-bronze (accessed July 19, 2023).

64 Jonas Terrado, ‘Tokyo-Bound Eumir Marcial Says Government Support Not Enough’, Manila Bulletin, May 14, 2021, https://mb.com.ph/2021/5/13/eumir-marcial1 (accessed July 18, 2023).

65 Katrina Alba, ‘Eumir Marcial Set for National Team Comeback, ABAP Names Top Bets for Paris Olympic Gold’, Onesports.ph., July 20, 2023. https://www.onesports.ph/more-sports/article/13356/eumir-marcial-set-for-national-team-comeback-abap-names-top-bets-for-paris-olympics-gold (accessed July 20, 2023).

66 Paolo Mariano, ‘Why Are Most Filipino Athletes Silent on Social Issues?’, The Philippine Star, May 19, 2021, https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/440093-why-are-most-filipino-athletes-silent-on-social-issues (accessed July 11, 2023).

67 Chappelet, ‘The Unstoppable Rise of Athlete Power in the Olympic System’, 798.

68 Hwa-Sung Ki, ‘Ready for One-Person Protest in Front of the National Assembly’, The Dong-A Ilbo, August 31, 2005, https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20050831/243223/1 (accessed February 27, 2024).

69 Justin Rowlatt, ‘Olympic Losers: Why Is India So Bad at Sport?’, BBC News, August 3, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36941269 (accessed February 27, 2024)

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71 Stephan Wassong, ‘The Membership Composition of the Athletes’ Commission of the International Olympic Committee: Between Appointments and Elections. 1981-2000’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 38, nos. 10–11 (2021): 1145–64. doi: 10.1080/09523367.2021.1973440.

72 Olympics.com, ‘Athletes’ Commission: Mission’, International Olympic Committee, https://olympics.com/ioc/athletes-commission (accessed July 10, 2023).

73 Olympics.com, ‘The IOC Athletes’ Commission Strategy: All in 2017, All in for Athletes and the Olympic Movement’, International Olympic Committee, https://olympics.com/athlete365/app/uploads/2020/12/1578_Athletes_Com_Strategy_Doc_Full_ENG_7a_AW.pdf (accessed July 11, 2023).

74 Chappelet, ‘The Governance of the Olympic System: From One to Many Stakeholders’.

75 Chappelet, ‘The Unstoppable Rise of Athlete Power in the Olympic System’, 806–7.

76 Olympics.com., ‘IOC Athletes’ Commission Strategy: All in’, International Olympic Committee, https://olympics.com/athlete365/app/uploads/2020/12/1578_Athletes_Com_Strategy_Doc_Full_ENG_7a_AW.pdf (accessed July 11, 2023).

77 POC Athletes’ Commission, ‘Strategic Goals: 2021-2024: Engage, Support, Athlete Nation’, Philippine Olympic Committee, https://irp.cdn-website.com/d445ce21/files/uploaded/POC-AC-Strategic-Plan-Draft.pdf (accessed July 11, 2023).

78 Chappelet, ‘The Governance of the Olympic System: From One to Many Stakeholders’, 84.

79 R. Edward Freeman, Jeffrey S. Harrison, and Stellos Zyglidopoulos, Stakeholder Theory (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018).

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81 Albertocagra.com., ‘Sports Law in the Philippines-Local Government’, https://www.albertocagra.com/?sdm_process_download=1&download_id=2320 (accessed July 18, 2023).

82 Chappelet, ‘The Unstoppable Rise of Athlete Power in the Olympic System’, 807.

83 Inez Ponce de Leon, ‘Lifting Weights, Raising Voices: An Analysis of Reactions to Hidilyn Diaz Views on the South China Sea Issue after Her Olympic Gold Medal Win’, 1178.

84 de Leon, ‘Lifting Weights, Raising Voices’, 1178.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Dennis V. Blanco

Dennis V. Blanco is currently an Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science at the University of the Philippines-Diliman. He was formerly Associate Dean of the College of Administrative and Financial Sciences at AMA International University Bahrain. (now University of Technology Bahrain) and former Program Head of Political Science and Social Science at Colegio de San Juan de Letran-Manila.

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