Applicability of API ZYM to capture seasonal and spatial variabilities in lake and river sediments

ABSTRACT

Waters draining into a lake carry with them much of the suspended sediment that is transported by rivers and streams from the local drainage basin. The organic matter processing in the sediments is executed by heterotrophic microbial communities, whose activities may vary spatially and temporally. Thus, to capture and evaluate some of these variabilities in the sediments, we sampled six sites: three from the St. Clair River and three from Lake St. Clair in spring, summer, fall, and winter of 2016. At all sites and dates, we investigated the spatial and temporal variations in 19 extracellular enzyme activities using API ZYM. Our results indicated that a broad range of enzymes were found to be active in the sediments. Phosphatases, lipases, and esterases were synthesized most intensively by the sediment microbial communities. No consistent difference was found between the lake and sediment samples. Differences were more obvious between sites and seasons. Sites with the highest metabolic (enzyme) diversity reflected the capacity of the sediment microbial communities to breakdown a broader range of substrates and may be linked to differences in river and lake water quality. The seasonal variability of the enzymes activities was governed by the variations of environmental factors caused by anthropogenic and terrestrial inputs, and provides information for a better understanding of the dynamics of sediment organic matter of the river and lake ecosystems. The experimental results suggest that API ZYM is a simple and rapid enzyme assay procedure to evaluate natural processes in ecosystems and their changes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Microbial enzymes
• sediments
• API ZYM
• microbial activity
• water quality

Acknowledgements

Tiquia-Arashiro conceived and designed the study. Patel performed the experiments and analysed the data with Gismondi. Alsaffar collected the sediment samples and field data. Tiquia-Arashiro and Patel wrote the manuscript, which was completed with input from Gismondi and Alsaffar.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

ORCID

Sonia M. Tiquia-Arashiro http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5084-1658

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the University of Michigan-Dearborn Office of Research and Sponsored Programs.