Bio-synthesis of TiO₂ using grape leaves extract and its application for photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen from aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

In this study, titanium oxide nanoparticle was fabricated using the extract of grape leaves (referred asGL-TiO₂ NPs), using the green synthesis process, and then explores its ability for photodegradation of ibuprofen (IBU) under UV light in the batch system. UV-Vis, BET, FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX tests were made to identify the catalyst’s structure and shape. Moreover, the effects of different operating parameters, specifically pH of (3, 5, 7, and 9), IBU concentration (10, 20, 40, and 80) mg/L, GL-TiO₂ concentrations (15, 30, and 60) mg/L, H₂O₂ (100, 300, and 500) mg/L, and contact time were studied. According to the results, the synthetic TiO₂ NPs have a spherical shape and 39.608 m²/g of BET surface area. In addition, the findings showed that the removal efficiency reached 92.32% under optimum conditions of 5, 10, 30, 300 mg/L, and 150 min, respectively. In addition, the reaction followed a first-order kinetics model with R² > 97. According to the finding of this study, GL-TiO₂ NPs has an acceptable efficiency in the elimination of IBU, as their relatively simple synthesis, could be a suitable catalyst for the degradation and elimination of pharmaceutical residues.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Green synthesis TiO₂
• grape leaves
• photocatalyst batch process
• ibuprofen degeneration
• pseudo-first order model

Acknowledgements

All authors have participated in (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content, and (c) approval of the final version.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statements

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, Abeer I. Alwared.