Suicide risk, psychological distress and treatment preferences in men presenting with prototypical, externalising and mixed depressive symptomology

Abstract

Background

The prevalence of depression in men is significantly lower than women despite male suicide being higher. Therefore, improving the understanding and detection of depression in men is an important research and clinical aim.

Aims

To examine the prevalence of prototypic, externalising and mixed depressive symptoms and their relation to mental illness and suicide risk

Methods

Quantitative data were obtained through a survey of N = 1000 Canadian males (median age  =  49.63 years, SD = 14.60). A range of validated scales were incorporated including the PHQ-9, K6, SBQ-R and MDRS.

Results

Using established cut-off scores, the proportions classified into distinct symptom groups were: not depressed (69%), prototypical (8%), mixed (12%) and externalising (11%). Risk of mental illness and suicidal risk was significantly elevated in all depressed groups. Compared to the not-depressed group, those experiencing only externalising symptoms and those with mixed symptomology were at significantly increased risk of mental illness as well current suicide risk.

Conclusion

These results highlight the clinical importance of considering a broad range of potential presentations of depression in men, all of which are associated with increased suicide risk.

Keywords:

• Externalising symptoms
• masculine depression
• masked depression
• suicidal behaviour
• mental illness

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).