Psychological differences in adults with and without a COVID-19 diagnosis

Abstract

Background

Substantial evidence is emerging regarding the broad societal and psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, but little is known about whether infected individuals are differently affected.

Aim

We evaluated psychological differences between individuals who do vs. do not report testing positive for COVID-19.

Methods

An online survey was offered to adults (≥18 years) who were diagnosed with COVID-19 by a provider within a large integrated-delivery healthcare system, enrolled in COVID-19-related clinical trials at the healthcare system, or responded to targeted local distribution. Measures assessed included the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale, and Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5.

Results

Of 487 respondents, 43% reported testing positive for COVID-19, including 11% requiring hospitalization. Overall rates of general anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress were 34% and 16%, respectively, with no significant differences between groups. Prevalence of depression was higher among respondents reporting a positive COVID-19 test (52% vs. 31%). This difference persisted after controlling for respondent characteristics (odds ratio = 3.7, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

People who report testing positive for COVID-19, even those not requiring hospitalization, have increased risk for depression. Mental health care screening and services should be offered to individuals testing positive, facilitating early intervention.

Keywords:

• COVID-19
• psychological impact
• depression
• anxiety
• posttraumatic stress

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

We gratefully acknowledge support for this work from the Baylor Scott & White Dallas Foundation and the W.W. Caruth, Jr. Fund at Communities Foundation of Texas.