“Unheard minds, again and again”: autistic insider perspectives and theory of mind

Abstract

Purpose

The Theory of Mind (ToM) deficit hypothesis is a dominant construct used to explain the social and communication difficulties observed in autistic individuals. This hypothesis was based on an interpretation of autistic individuals’ observable behavior, not based on insider accounts. Insider perspectives still remain mostly absent in research on ToM. We aimed to gain an understanding of the relevance and applicability of ToM by examining writings of autistic bloggers.

Methods

As part of a series of studies examining insider autistic perspectives, we used a descriptive qualitative approach and conducted a thematic analysis of content scraped from 40 blogs written by autistic authors.

Results

The blogs offered important perspectives on the applicability of ToM to autistic individuals. The primary themes reflected empirical contradictions to ToM, explicit critiques of ToM, and pointed to ToM as a source of harm.

Conclusion

The insider perspectives call into question the ways clinicians, researchers, and society use ToM to understand autistic individuals and point to the harmful effects of ToM on autistic lived experience. These findings emphasize the importance of attending to autistic people in building a body of knowledge that better reflects autistic experiences and promotes more effective and ethical clinical practices.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• Our paper indicates the need for a timely and thorough re-evaluation of the ToM deficit hypothesis of autism.

• Autistic insider perspectives not only empirically demonstrate and explicitly critique the ToM deficit hypothesis, but reveal the hypothesis as harmful to autistic experience by reinforcing negative stereotypes, prompting acts of discrimination, and perpetuating autistic insider’s exclusion from the research concerning them.

• Given the varied experiences of autistic people and the harmful impacts of the ToM deficit hypothesis, it is safer for clinicians and researchers to presume a presence of ToM and empathy, before they presume a deficit in autistic individuals.

• Autistic insiders are able, eager, and deserve to be included in the research and practices that concern them.

Keywords:

• Autism
• theory of mind
• empathy
• insider perspective
• insider voices
• critique
• empirical contradiction
• stereotypes
• harm
• blog

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the tremendous effort of the autistic insiders in this study who have taken to blogs to amplify their voices and experiences to the public, clinicians, and researchers. Your insights are not just valuable, but necessary to the way forward. The authors hear your call for better listeners.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no potential conflict of interests.