The Euromaidan Revolution, Reforms and Decommunisation in Ukraine

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Ukraine’s adoption of four decommunisation laws in April 2015, their implementation and the controversy they generated. The first section analyses changes in Ukrainian memory politics prior to 2014. In 2006, the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance (Ukrainskyi Instytut Natsionalnoi Pamiat—UINP) was established but given meagre resources by President Viktor Yushchenko; pro-Russian political forces were opposed to both the Holodomor recognised as a genocide and official recognition of the Ukrainian resistance movement. The second section provides an analysis of Ukraine’s decommunisation process which was made possible by: the Euromaidan Revolution; collapse of pro-Russian political forces; election of a large pro-European parliamentary coalition; and the impact of Russian military aggression on Ukrainian attitudes to Russia and Ukrainian national identity. Together these four factors reduced opposition and energised those who supported decommunisation. In the third section we argue that six criticisms of Ukraine’s decommunisation raised by Western and Ukrainian scholars were exaggerated and misplaced.

Notes

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4 ‘Pro Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraini’, Parliamentary law, 28 November 2006, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16#Text, accessed 6 November 2020.

5 ‘Pro zakhody u zviazku z 75 rokovynamy Holodomoru 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraini’, Presidential decree no. 250/2007, 28 March 2007, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/250/2007#Text, accessed October 2020.

6 See, https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/, accessed 17 August 2020.

7 ‘Pro vsebichne vyvchennia ta obyektyvne vysvitlennia diialnosti ukrainskoho vyzvolnoho rukhu ta spryiannia protsesu natsionalnoho prymyrennia’, Presidential decree no. 879/2006, 14 October 2006, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/879/2006#Text, accessed 6 November 2020.

8 ‘Pro rozsekrechennia, opryliudnennia ta vyvchennia arkhivnykh dokumentiv, poviazanykh z ukrainskym vyzvolnym rukhom, politychnymy represiiamy ta holodomoramy v Ukraini’, Presidential decree no. 37/2009, 23 January 2009, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/37/2009#Text, accessed 28 October 2020.

9 ‘European Ukraine’ included the Petro Poroshenko Bloc (Blok Petra Poroshenka), the Popular Front (Narodnyi Front), led by Prime Minister Yatseniuk, Self-Reliance (Samopomych), the Radical Party (Radikalna Partiia) and the Fatherland Party (Batkivshchyna). Elections could not be held in 27 seats in Russian-controlled Crimea and Donbas.

10 ‘Uhoda pro Koalitsiyu Deputatskykh Fraksii “Yevropeyska Ukraina”’, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/n0001001-15-Text, accessed 15 May 2020.

11 ‘Proekt Zakonu pro Pravovyi Status ta Vshanuvannia Pamiati Uchasnykiv Borotby za Nezalezhnist Ukrainy u XX stolitti’, no. 2538-1, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=54689, accessed 17 May 2020.

12 ‘Proekt Zakonu pro Pravovyi Status ta Vshanuvannia Pamiati Uchasnykiv Borotby za Nezalezhnist Ukrainy u XX stolitti’, no. 2538-1, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=54648, accessed 17 May 2020.

13 Ukrainian parliament website, 6 April 2015, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=54670, accessed 8 October 2018.

14 ‘Joint Interim Opinion on the Law of Ukraine on the Condemnation of the Communist and National Socialist (Nazi) Regimes and Prohibition of Propaganda of Their Symbols’, 18–19 December 2015, available at: https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2015)041-e, accessed 17 May 2020.

15 ‘Joint Interim Opinion on the Law of Ukraine on the Condemnation of the Communist and National Socialist (Nazi) Regimes and Prohibition of Propaganda of Their Symbols’, 18–19 December 2015, available at: https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2015)041-e, accessed 17 May 2020.

16 The vote in favour by 254 MPs can be found on the Ukrainian parliament website, 9 April 2015, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_2?id=&pf3516=2558&skl=9. The law is available at: ‘Pro zasudzhennia komunistychnoho ta national-sotsialistychnoho (natsystkoho) totalitarnykh rezhymiv v Ukrainy ta zaboronu propahandy yikhnoyii symvoliky’, available at: http://www.golos.com.ua/article/254980, accessed 3 August 2020.

17 A 2017 parliamentary resolution added the St George ribbon, which is used by DNR, LNR and Russian forces in Donbas, to those symbols which are banned in Ukraine. See, ‘Pro vnesennia zminy do Kodeksu Ukrainy pro administratynvni pravoporushennia shchodo zaborony vyhotovlennia ta propahandy heorhiivskoyi (hvardiiskoi) strichky’, Parliamentary Resolution No. 2031-VІІІ, 16 May 2017, available at: http://www.golos.com.ua/article/290111, accessed 17 May 2020. See also, Riabenko and Kuzio (2020).

18 ‘Konstytutsiine Podannia’, available at: http://www.ccu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/3_1919.pdf; ‘Do Konstytutsiinoho Sudu Ukrainy nadiishlo konstytutsiine podannia 46 narodnykh deputativ Ukrainy’, available at: http://www.ccu.gov.ua/novyna/30-travnya-do-konstytuciynogo-sudu-ukrayiny-nadiyshlo-konstytuciyne-podannya-46-narodnyh, accessed 5 May 2020.

19 ‘Zakon, yakyi zaboronyaie propahandu komunistychnoho ta natsystkoho rezhymiv, vyznano konstytutsiinym’, Constitutional Court ruling, 16 July 2019, available at: http://www.ccu.gov.ua/novyna/zakon-yakyi-zaboronyaye-propagandu-komunistychnogo-ta-nacystskogo-rezhymiv-vyznano, accessed 28 January 2020.

20 ‘Pro Heohrafichni Nazvy’ is available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2604-15, accessed 17 May 2020.

21 ‘Pro Prysvoyennia Yurydychnym Osobam ta Obiektam Prava Vlasnosti Imen (Psevdonimiv) Visychnykh Osib, Yuvileinykh ta Sviatkovykh Dat, Nazv i Dat Istorychnykh Podii’, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4865-17?fbclid=IwAR27Veb52q3zf32d9FuOp7vdvJrufOR6gHUuDsFfaEpoW-tbzGpwun6CTXg, accessed 17 May 2020.

22 ‘Dekomunizatsiia nazv naselenykh punktiv ta raioniv Ukrainy: pidstavy, protses, pidsumky’, UINP, available at: http://www.memory.gov.ua/page/dekomunizatsiya-nazv-naselenikh-punktiv-ta-raioniv-ukraini-pidstavi-protses-pidsumki, accessed 29 September 2018.

23 ‘Ponad 50 Tysiach Vulyts Zminyly Nazvy Vprodovzh 2016 Roku’, available at: https://old.uinp.gov.ua/news/ponad-50-tisyach-vulits-zminili-nazvi-vprodovzh-2016-roku, accessed 17 May 2020.

24 ‘Dnipropetrovsk ofitsiino pereimenuvaly, ale oblast' zalyshylasia’, available at: https://novynarnia.com/2016/05/19/dnipropetrovsk-ofitsiyno-pereymenuvali-v-dnipro-ale-oblast-zalishilasya/, accessed 18 May 2020.

25 Ruling by Ukraine’s Constitutional Court in favour of changing the name from Dnipropetrovsk to Sicheslav, 2 April 2019, available at: http://www.ccu.gov.ua/novyna/vysnovok-konstytuciynogo-sudu-ukrayiny-v-spravi-shchodo-pereymenuvannya-dnipropetrovskoyi?fbclid=IwAR2MAuaz7j77r8ULZpPQdXnU6-i5oPYYYEvJwRh_tKWtFjShDpEnOeeN5sQ, accessed 28 January 2020.

26 ‘Heavenly Hundred’ refers to the 100 protestors shot and killed by security forces in January–February 2014 during the Euromaidan Revolution.

27 Interview by Taras Kuzio with Oleh Rostovtsev, a Jewish–Ukrainian activist and adviser to Dnipro city Mayor Filatov, Dnipro, 9 February 2020.

28 Stepan Bandera was the leader of one wing of the OUN from 1940 until his assassination by the KGB in 1959.

29 ‘Lenin Monument Dismantled in Dnipropetrovsk’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 27 June 2014, available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-lenin-monument-dnipropetrovsk/25437953.html, accessed 16 May 2020.

30 ‘Ukraine Nationalists Tear Down Kharkiv’s Lenin Statue’, BBC News, 28 September 2014, available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29405089, accessed 16 May 2020.

31 Continuously updated on the Donetsk State Administration website, available at: http://dn.gov.ua/v-donetskij-oblasti-aktyvno-provodytsya-dekomunizatsiya-mist-ta-rajoniv/, accessed 29 September 2018.

32 The vote in favour by 261 MPs, can be found on the Ukrainian parliamentary website, 9 April 2015, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_2?id=&pf3516=2539&skl=9. The law is available at: ‘Pro uvivchennia peremohy nad natsyzmom u druhii svitovii viini 1939–1945 rokiv’, available at: http://www.golos.com.ua/article/254978, accessed 3 August 2020.

33 ‘Stavlennia Naselennia Ukrainy do Postati Stalina’, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, 11 July 2019, available at: https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=872&page=6, accessed 19 August 2020.

34 The vote in favour by 271 MPs can be found on the Ukrainian parliamentary website, 9 April 2015, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_2?id=&pf3516=2538-1&skl=9. The law is available at: ‘Pro pravovii status ta vshanuvannia pamiati bortsiv za nezalezhnist Ukrainy u XX stolitti’, http://www.golos.com.ua/article/254977, accessed 3 August 2020.

35 ‘Pro vnesennia zmin do deiakykh zakonodavchykh aktiv Ukrainy shchodo udoskonalennia protsedury rehabilitatsii zhertv represii komunistychnoho totalitarnoho rezhymu 1917–1991 rokiv’, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2325-19#n19, accessed 17 May 2020.

36 ‘Pro rehabilitatsiiu zhertv politychnykh represii na Ukraini’, available at: https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/view/t096200?an=1&ed=2017_12_19, accessed 27 May 2020.

37 ‘Pro poriadok vvedennia v diiu Zakonu Ukrainskoii RSR “Pro reabilitatsiiu zhertv politychnykh represii na Ukraini”’, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/963-12/ed19910417?fbclid=IwAR21fDFc2eOnO2o8nKm07rJ4ttG8x_6h9qULlbg3rM_Fn3vX4Q5F8p-5-SI, accessed 17 May 2020.

38 The vote in favour by 261 MPs can be found on the Ukrainian parliament website, 9 April 2015, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_2?id=&pf3516=2540&skl=9, accessed 29 September 2018.

39 ‘How Ukraine became an Open Data Pioneer’, Open Data Institute, 17 December 2018, available at: https://theodi.org/article/how-ukraine-became-an-open-data-pioneer/, accessed 8 February 2019.

40 ‘The Openness of State Archives in the Former Soviet Republics and Eastern Bloc Countries—The Outcomes of the Evaluation’, Institute for Development of Freedom of Information, 21 June 2020, available at: https://idfi.ge/en/openness_of_state_archives_in_the_former_soviet_republics_and_eastern_bloc_countries_research, accessed 2 August 2020.

41 ‘Pro dostup do arkhiviv represyvnykh orhaniv komunistychnoho totalitarnoho rezhymu 1917–1991’, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/316-19, accessed 17 May 2020.

42 ‘U Kyevi postane Arkhiv Taiemnyh Radianskyh Spetsluzhb’, available at: https://uinp.gov.ua/pres-centr/novyny/u-kyyevi-postane-arhiv-tayemnyh-radyanskyh-specsluzhb, accessed 17 May 2020.

43 Interview with Andriy Kohut, Director of the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, 10 July 2018.

44 Interview with Andriy Kohut, Director of the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, 5 June 2017.

45 Interview with Andriy Kohut, Director of the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, 5 June 2017. For an example of a Western scholar who could not have written her book without access to these archives, see Viola (2017).

46 ‘Haluzevyi derzhavnyi arkhiv UINP vidkryv Konsultatsiinyi tsentr z poshuku informatsiyi pro represovanykh’, available at: https://uinp.gov.ua/pres-centr/novyny/galuzevyy-derzhavnyy-arhiv-uinp-vidkryv-konsultaciynyy-centr-z-poshuku-informaciyi-pro-represovanyh, accessed 17 May 2020.

47 The four laws were adopted on 9 April 2015. Signatures were partly collected on Facebook and the open letter was published on 22 April (Marples 2015).

48 Map of casualties of Ukrainian security forces by oblast’, available at: http://memorybook.org.ua/indexfile/statbirth.htm, accessed 3 August 2020.

49 ‘BBC: What Media get Wrong about Ukraine Anti-red Laws’, StopFake.org, 27 August 2015, available at: https://www.stopfake.org/en/bbc-what-media-get-wrong-about-ukraine-anti-red-laws/, accessed 3 August 2020.

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51 Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on ‘Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes’, available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20111004145243/http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf, accessed 15 May 2020.

52 Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, available at: https://www.praguedeclaration.eu/, accessed 15 May 2020.

53 ‘European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism’, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML±TA±P6-TA-2009-0213±0±DOC±PDF±V0//EN, accessed 15 May 2020.

54 ‘European Conscience and Totalitarianism’, European Parliamentary Resolution, 2 April 2009, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML±TA±P6-TA-2009-0213±0±DOC±PDF±V0//EN, accessed 15 May 2020.

55 Vilnius Declaration, ‘Resolution on Divided Europe Reunited: Promoting Human Rights and Civil Liberties in the OSCE Region in the 21st Century’, available at: https://www.oscepa.org/documents/annual-sessions/2009-vilnius/declaration-6/261-2009-vilnius-declaration-eng/file, accessed 15 May 2020.

56 ‘Importance of European Remembrance for the Future of Europe’, European Parliamentary Resolution 2019/2819(RSP), 19 September 2019, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2019-0021_EN.pdf, accessed 15 May 2020.

57 Muzei ‘Stanovlennia Ukrainskoii Natsii’, available at: https://www.museumsun.org/, accessed 28 January 2020.

58 ‘Muzei. Pamiat. Poshuk’, available at: https://martyrology.org.ua/, accessed 15 May 2020.

59 ‘Servis iz poshuku informatsii pro represovanykh’, available at: http://hdauinp.org.ua/index.php/ua/mass-media/archive-in-media/112-service-for-finding-information-about-the-repressed-people, accessed 15 May 2020.

60 ‘Pro zasudzhennia komunistychnoho ta national-sotsialistychnoho (natsystkoho) totalitarnykh rezhymiv v Ukrainy ta zaboronu propahandy yikhnoi symvoliky’, Holos Ukrainy, 20 May 2015, available at: http://www.golos.com.ua/article/254980, accessed 2 June 2020.

61 The websites of Ukraine’s judicial system, including the register of court decisions, is available at: https://court.gov.ua/reyestri-ta-sistemi/. The website of the register of court decisions is available at: http://www.reyestr.court.gov.ua/, accessed 28 January 2020.

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64 ‘Mizhnarodna konferentsiia: Yak vykynuty Lenina z holiv ukraintsiv’, available at: https://m.krytyka.com/ua/news/events/mizhnarodna-konferentsiya-yak-vykynuty-lenina-z-holiv-ukrayintsiv, accessed 17 May 2020.

65 Two such events were reported in ‘Lviv. RPR proanalizuvav yak rishennia, pryynyati parlamentom za 100 dniv roboty, vplynut na zhyttya v rehionakh’, available at: https://rpr.org.ua/news/lviv-rpr-proanalizuvav-yak-rishennya-pryjnyati-parlamentom-za-100-dniv-roboty-vplynut-na-zhyttya-v-rehionah, accessed 17 May 2020; ‘Uzhorod. Dorohoyu reform: yak zminy zakonodavstva vplynut na zhyttya u rehionakh’, available at: https://rpr.org.ua/news/uzhhorod-dorohoyu-reform-yak-zminy-zakonodavstva-vplynut-na-zhyttya-u-rehionah/, accessed 17 May 2020.

66 ‘Ekspert RPR predstavyv v UKU kontseptsiu polityky natsionalnoi pamiati (24.02.2015)’, available at: https://ucu.edu.ua/news/ekspert-rpr-predstavyv-v-uku-kontseptsiyu-polityky-natsionalnoyi-pam-yati/, accessed 17 May 2020.

67 Prime Minister Yatseniuk’s 26th November 2014 government programme ‘Uhoda pro Koalitsiu deputatskykh fraktsii “Evropeiska Ukraina”’ is available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/n0001001-15, accessed 15 May 2020.

68 ‘Museum of Soviet Monumental Propaganda to Open in Kyiv in Fall of 2017’, Euromaidan Press, 22 May 2017, available at: http://euromaidanpress.com/2017/05/22/museum-of-monumental-propaganda-to-open-in-kyiv-in-fall-of-2017/, accessed 16 May 2020.

69 A catalogue of books in ‘History Without Censorship’ is available at: https://www.bookclub.ua/ukr/catalog/books/?listmode=2&f_dbookv74=171086, accessed 17 May 2020.

70 LIKBEZ istorychnyi Front, available at: http://likbez.org.ua/en/, accessed 6 May 2020. Nearly 26,000 archive documents can be found on ‘Elektronnyi arkhiv Ukrainskoho Vyzvolnoho Rukhu’, available at: http://avr.org.ua/, accessed 5 November 2020.

71 ‘Ukrainska Revolutsia 1917–1921’, available at: https://www.istpravda.com.ua/themes/rev100/; ‘Nasha Revolyutsia.1917’, available at: https://www.dsnews.ua/nasha_revolyutsiya_1917, accessed 18 May 2020.

72 Vinnytskyi Informatsiinyi Portal, 23 February 2017, available at: https://vezha.vn.ua/u-vinnytsi-z-yavytsya-tsentr-istoriyi-ta-vidkryyut-golovnyj-muzej-mista/, accessed 8 February 2019.

73 Zhyvi is available at: https://www.facebook.com/Repressedukrainians/, accessed 18 May 2020.

74 Studiyi Zhyvoyi Istoriyi, available at: https://live-history.org/, accessed 17 May 2020.

75 CharRivne, 22 April 2015, available at: http://charivne.info/rivne-news/19321-dolayuchy-amneziyu-totalitaryzmu---u-rivnomu-prezentuvaly-inshe-bachennya-dekomunizatsiyi-foto, accessed 8 February 2019.

76 ‘Na Odeshchyni zibraly ponad 200 pamiatnykiv Leninu u muzei sotsrealizmu’, available at: https://hromadske.radio/news/2016/07/26/na-odeshchyni-zibraly-ponad-200-pamiatnykiv-leninu-u-muzeii-socrealizmu, accessed 16 May 2020.

77 Available at: https://frumushika.com/nasha-istorija.html, accessed 17 May 2020.

78 ‘Muzei zi skulpturamy radianskykh diiachiv vidkryly na Sumshchynyi’, https://sm.suspilne.media/news/39660, accessed 17 May 2020.

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81 ‘Identychnist Hromadian Ukrainy v Novykh Umovakh: Stan, Tendentsii, Rehionalni Osoblyvosti’, Natsionalna Bezpeka i Oborona, 3–4, 2016, pp. 109–10, available at: http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/journal/ukr/NSD161-162_2016_ukr.pdf, accessed 10 April 2018.

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83 ‘Shostyi rik dekomunizatsii: stavlennia naselennia do zaborony symvoliv totalitarnoho mynuloho’, Democratic Initiatives Foundation, 16 July 2020, available at: https://dif.org.ua/article/shostiy-rik-dekomunizatsii-stavlennya-naselennya-do-zaboroni-simvoliv-totalitarnogo-minulogo, accessed 4 August 2020.

84 ‘Identychnist Hromadian Ukrainy v Novykh Umovakh: Stan, Tendentsii, Rehionalni Osoblyvosti’, Natsionalna Bezpeka i Oborona, 3–4, 2016, p. 44, available at: http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/journal/ukr/NSD161-162_2016_ukr.pdf, accessed 10 April 2018.

85 ‘Identychnist Hromadian Ukrainy v Novykh Umovakh: Stan, Tendentsii, Rehionalni Osoblyvosti’, Natsionalna Bezpeka i Oborona, 3–4, 2016, p. 44, available at: http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/journal/ukr/NSD161-162_2016_ukr.pdf, accessed 10 April 2018.

86 ‘Identychnist Hromadian Ukrainy v Novykh Umovakh: Stan, Tendentsii, Rehionalni Osoblyvosti’, Natsionalna Bezpeka i Oborona, 3–4, 2016, p. 44, available at: http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/journal/ukr/NSD161-162_2016_ukr.pdf, accessed 10 April 2018.

87 ‘Den peremohy i yoho mistse v istorychnii pamiati ukraintsiv’, Democratic Initiatives Foundation, 5 May 2020, available at: https://dif.org.ua/article/den-peremogi-i-yogo-mistse-v-istorichniy-pamyati-ukraintsiv, accessed 20 May 2020.

88 ‘Shostyi rik dekomunizatsii: stavlennia naselennia do zaborony symvoliv totalitarnoho mynuloho’, Democratic Initiatives Foundation, 16 July 2020, available at: https://dif.org.ua/article/shostiy-rik-dekomunizatsii-stavlennya-naselennya-do-zaboroni-simvoliv-totalitarnogo-minulogo, accessed 4 August 2020.

89 Ukraine in World War II (Kyiv, Ukrainian Institute of National Memory, 2015), available at: http://www.memory.gov.ua/sites/default/files/ukraine_ww_ii_eng.pdf, accessed 28 January 2020.

90 ‘Poll: Over Half of Ukrainians do not Recognize OUN-UPA as Independence Fighters’, Kyiv Post, 17 October 2013, available at: https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-do-not-recognize-oun-upa-as-independence-fighters-330614.html, accessed 3 August 2020.

91 ‘Dynamics of Relations to the Acknowledgement of OUN-UPA’, Rating Sociological Group, 12 October 2015, available at: http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/dinamika_otnosheniya_k_priznaniyu_oun-upa.html, accessed 5 September 2018.

92 ‘Den peremohy i yoho mistse v istorychnii pamiati ukraintsiv’, Democratic Initiatives Foundation, 5 May 2020, available at: https://dif.org.ua/article/den-peremogi-i-yogo-mistse-v-istorichniy-pamyati-ukraintsiv, accessed 20 May 2020.

93 ‘Den peremohy i yoho mistse v istorychnii pamiati ukraintsiv’, Democratic Initiatives Foundation, 5 May 2020, available at: https://dif.org.ua/article/den-peremogi-i-yogo-mistse-v-istorichniy-pamyati-ukraintsiv, accessed 20 May 2020.

94 See also, ‘Poll: Over Half of Ukrainians do not Recognize OUN-UPA as Independence Fighters’, Kyiv Post, 17 October 2013, available at: https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-do-not-recognize-oun-upa-as-independence-fighters-330614.html, accessed 3 August 2020.

95 ‘V Rosii zaiavyly, shcho Zelenskyi vse bilshe staie ukrainskym natsionalistom’, Ukrainska Pravda, 28 January 2020, available at: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/01/28/7238656/, accessed 28 January 2020.

96 ‘Drobovych nazvav priorytety Instytutu Natspamiati na pyat’ rokiv’, 23 December 2019, available at: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2843810-drobovic-nazvav-prioriteti-institutu-nacpamati-na-pat-rokiv.html, accessed 28 January 2020.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Anna Oliinyk

Anna Oliinyk, Acting Director, Сenter for Research on the Liberation Movement, Kyiv, Ukraine and Policy of National Remembrance Working Group, Reanimation Package of Reforms, Kyiv, Ukraine. Email: [email protected]

Taras Kuzio

Taras Kuzio, Professor, Department of Political Science, National University of ‘Kyiv Mohyla Academy’, 2 Hryhoriya Skovorody Street, Kyiv 20036, Ukraine. Email: [email protected]