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ABSTRACT
Africa’s security landscape has been experiencing securitised-development practices through counterterrorism activities from donor countries engaged in the ‘Global War on Terror’ (GWOT). While some African governments continue to ‘benefit’ from the securitised-development agenda, critiques argue that there are human rights concerns that are connected to the practice of securitised-development. They have emphasised how some African governments and military actors involved in fighting the GWOT are also faced with human rights issues. To explore these issues, the article examines the securitised-development agenda in Kenya and Uganda and its impact on human rights. The article argues that the securitised-development practice is characterised by underlying contradictions involving the fight against terrorism and the accompanying human rights concerns in these countries.
Notes
1 Stern and Ojendal, ‘Mapping the Security–Development Nexus’; Hettne, ‘Development and Security’; Abrahamsen, ‘Return of the Generals?’
2 Aning, ‘Security, the War on Terror’; Chandler, ‘The Security–Development Nexus’.
3 Obi, ‘Terrorism in West Africa’; Malan, ‘The Post-9/11 Security Agenda’.
4 International Peace Academy Report-IPA (2004).
5 Fisher and Anderson, ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitisation of Development’.
6 Aning, ‘Security, the War on Terror’, 10; Fisher and Anderson, ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitisation of Development’.
7 Prestholdt, ‘Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism’; Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’.
8 Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Rights’; Mogire et al., ‘Counter-terrorism in Kenya’; Lind et al., ‘Counter-Terrorism and the Politics of Aid’; Kirechu, ‘Kenya’s Counterterrorism Approach is Floundering’; Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’.
9 Kirechu, ‘Kenya’s Counterterrorism Approach’; Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Rights’.
10 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’; Whitaker, ‘Compliance among Weak States’; Kirechu, ‘Kenya’s Counterterrorism Approach’; Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Rights’; Prestholdt, ‘Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism’.
11 Bach, ‘Africa in International Relations’; Buzan, ‘New Patterns of Global Security’; Shaw, ‘African agency?’
12 Prestholdt, ‘Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism’.
13 Ibid.
14 Wilkinson, ‘The Copenhagen School’.
15 Ibid.
16 Buzan et al., Security: A New Framework, 1.
17 Williams, ‘Words, Images, Enemies’.
18 Ibid.
19 Floyd, ‘Can Securitization Theory be used in Normative Analysis?’
20 Abrahamsen,’ Blair’s Africa’.
21 Ibid.
22 Williams, ‘Thinking about Security in Africa’, 1.
23 Ibid., 1.
24 Ibid., 1.
25 Abrahamsen, ‘Blair’s Africa,’ 68.
26 Ibid.
27 Kumah-Abiwu, ‘Issue Framing and Electoral Violence in Ghana.’
28 Woods, ‘The Shifting Politics of Foreign Aid’; Fisher and Anderson, ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitisation of Development’.
29 Abrahamsen, ‘Blair’s Africa’; Mogire and Agade, ‘Counterterrorism in Kenya’.
30 Fisher and Anderson, ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitisation of Development’.
31 Ibid.
32 Shinn, ‘Focus on Counterterrorism’.
33 Mogire and Agade, ‘Counterterrorism in Kenya’; Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’.
34 Schmidt, Foreign Intervention in Africa.
35 Ibid.
36 Schmidt, Foreign Intervention in Africa; van de Walle, ‘US Policy towards Africa’.
37 Van de Walle, ‘US Policy Towards Africa’; LeVan, ‘The Political Economy of African Responses’.
38 Abrahamsen, ‘Return of the Generals?’; Shinn, ‘Focus on Counterterrorism’.
39 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’; Whitaker, ‘Compliance among Weak States’; Kirechu, ‘Kenya’s Counterterrorism Approach’; Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Rights’; Prestholdt, ‘Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism’.
40 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’; Blanchard, ‘US-Kenya Relations’.
41 Ibid.
42 Blanchard, ‘US-Kenya Relations’;Van de Walle, ‘US Policy Towards Africa’.
43 Kirechu, ‘Kenya’s Counterterrorism Approach,’ 1.
44 Kelley, ‘Kenya: Trump Budget Spares’.
45 Van de Walle, ‘US Policy Towards Africa’.
46 Kirechu, ‘Kenya’s Counterterrorism Approach’.
47 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’.
48 Ibid.
49 Mogire and Agade, ‘Counterterrorism in Kenya’; Daily Nation Newspaper of Kenya.
50 Bearak, ‘Gunmen Storm Nairobi Hotel’; Bariyo and Donati, ‘U.S. Says Attack in Kenya Kills Three Americans’.
51 Cannon and Pkalya, ‘Why al-Shabaab Attacks Kenya’; Anderson and McKnight, ‘Understanding al-Shabaab’.
52 Abrahamsen, ‘Return of the Generals?’ 8
53 Fisher and Anderson, ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitisation of Development’.
54 Mwangi, ‘Corruption, Human Rights Violation and Counterterrorism Policies in Kenya’.
55 Ibid.
56 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’, 254.
57 Annan, UN Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism’.
58 Ibid.
59 African Union Principles and Guidelines’(ACHPR), 13.
60 Ibid., 13.
61 Prestholdt, ‘Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism,’ 4.
62 Ibid., 4.
63 Ibid; Also refer to Keenan, ‘Demystifying Africa’s Security’.
64 Prestholdt, ‘Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism’.
65 Blanchard, ‘US-Kenya Relations’; Prestholdt, ‘Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism’.
66 Cannon and Fujibayashi, ‘Security, Structural Factors and Sovereignty’.
67 Mwangi, ‘Corruption, Human Rights Violation and Counterterrorism Policies in Kenya’.
68 Lind and Howell, ‘Counter-Terrorism and the Politics of Aid’.
69 KNCHR, 2017 Report; Daily Nation Newspaper, ‘Kenya Anti-Terror Police’.
70 Ploch, ‘Countering Terrorism in East Africa’.
71 Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Right’.
72 Ibid., 41.
73 Human Rights Watch. 2017 World Report.
74 Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Right,’ 26–7.
75 Ibid.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid., 28.
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid.
80 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’.
81 Lind and Howell, ‘Counter-Terrorism and the Politics of Aid’.
82 Abrahamsen, ‘Return of the Generals’.
83 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’; Whitaker, ‘Compliance among Weak States’; Kirechu, ‘Kenya’s Counterterrorism Approach’; Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Rights’.
84 Ibid.
85 Kron, ‘Bombers Kill More Than 50 in Attacks in Uganda’.
86 Whitaker, ‘Compliance among Weak States’.
87 Mccormick, ‘Is the U.S. Military Propping Up Uganda’s “Elected” Autocrat’?; Whitaker, ‘Compliance among Weak States’.
88 Gentleman, ‘Instead of Democracy’.
89 Abrahamsen, ‘Return of the Generals’.
90 Gentleman, ‘Instead of Democracy’.
91 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’.
92 Ibid.
93 Ibid.
94 Ibid.
95 Romaniuk and Durner, ‘The Politics of Preventing Violent Extremism’.
96 Ibid., 160.
97 Kron, ‘Bombers Kill More Than 50 in Attacks in Uganda’.
98 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’; Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Right’.
99 Kron, ‘Bombers Kill More Than 50 in Attacks in Uganda’; Whitaker, ‘Reluctant. Partners’.
100 Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Right’.
101 Ibid.; Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’.
102 Kron, ‘Bombers Kill More Than 50 in Attacks in Uganda’.
103 Whitaker, ‘Reluctant Partners’.
104 Horowitz, ‘Counterterrorism and Human Right’, 33–5.
105 Ibid., 33–5.
106 Ibid., 33–5.
107 Ibid., 33–5.
108 Mccormick, ‘Is the U.S. Military Propping Up Uganda’s “Elected” Autocrat’?
109 Romaniuk & Durner, ‘The Politics of Preventing Violent Extremism’, 168–9.
110 Ibid.
111 Ibid.
112 Fisher and Anderson, ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitisation of Development’.
113 Tayler, ‘Overreach: ‘New Global Counterterrorism’.
114 Abiew, ‘Humanitarian Intervention’.
115 Tayler, ‘Overreach: ‘New Global Counterterrorism’.
116 Sekyere and Asare, ‘An Examination of Ethiopia’s Anti-Terrorism Proclamation’.
117 U.S. Department of State, ‘The United States and Kenya: Strategic Partners’.
118 U.S. Department of State, ‘Country Reports on Terrorism 2019: Uganda’.
119 U.S. Department of State, ‘The United States and Kenya: Strategic Partners’.
120 Kagwanja, ‘Counter-Terrorism’.
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Felix Kumah-Abiwu
Dr Felix Kumah-Abiwu is an Associate Professor in the Department of Africana Studies at Kent State University. He is also the Founding Director of the Center for African Studies at Kent State University. He received his Ph.D. in Political Science from West Virginia University. He also studied at Ohio University and the Legon Center for International Affairs and Diplomacy (LECIAD), University of Ghana. His research focuses on elections/democratization, African security/international relations, Black males/public education, narcotics policy, and African-centered theories. In addition to his published book and several book chapters, Dr. Kumah-Abiwu's scholarly journal articles have appeared in the Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, Journal of Pan African Studies, West Africa Review, International Journal of Public Administration, Urban Education and Commonwealth & Comparative Politics.