Source and Toxicological Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Imo River, Southeastern Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the Imo River were analyzed to characterize their sources and assess their toxicity potential. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 409.43 to 41,198 ng/g dw with standard deviation of 4,796 ± 1,941. This wide variation reflects a localized contamination in the study area. The inadequacy in the use of traditional isomeric ratios for PAHs source characterization in sediment from tropical environments with shallow water depth of < 10 m was highlighted. A more robust principal component analysis coupled with n-alkanes unresolved complex mixture profiles approach to apportioned specific chemical signatures to samples was proposed. This approach differentiated stations that were heavily—from those that were mildly—impacted by oil and discriminated among stations that were influenced by pyrogenic sources. Effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM) as well as risk quotients (RQwcs) revealed that only naphthalene, flourene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and low molecular weight PAHs were implicated with ERL and ERM exceeding the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's limit of concern and RQwcs > 1, as compounds of concern. The maximum toxicity equivalency value of 179.81 ng/g TEQs_carc measured for the illegal petroleum refinery site indicated that this site requires some control measure and remedial action.

KEYWORDS:

• PAHs
• source and Imo River
• toxicity

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the excellent scientific equipment provided at little or no cost by the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain and ADECYTE.

Funding

We are sincerely thankful to the European Association of Organic Geochemists (EAOG) for the financial support that made this research work possible.