Emerging or Underestimated Silica-Based Stationary Phases in Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Several newly synthesized or forgotten silica-based stationary phases proposed for liquid chromatography are described, including non-endcapped, short-chain alkyl phases; hydrophilic and polar-endcapped stationary phases; polar-embedded alkyl phases; long-chain alkyl phases. Stationary phases with aromatic, cyanopropyl, diol and aminopropyl functionalities are also reviewed. Stationary phases of particular interest are biomolecular materials – based on immobilized cholesterol, aminoacids, peptides, proteins or lipoproteins. Packing materials involving macrocyclic chemistry (crown ethers; calixarenes; aza-macrocycles; oligo-and polysaccharides including these of marine origin - chitin- or chitosan-based; macrocyclic antibiotics) are discussed. Since many stationary phases developed for one type of applications (e.g. chiral separation) have been found useful in solving other analytical problems (e.g. drug’s plasma protein binding ability), it seemed reasonable to discuss particular chemistries behind the stationary phases presented in this review rather than specific types of interactions or chromatographic modes.

Keywords:

• Liquid chromatography
• novel stationary phases
• solute-stationary phase interactions

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are due to Professor Elżbieta Brzezińska for her constant support and encouragement.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Medical University of Lodz, Poland: [Grant number 503/3-016-03/503-31-001].