Interaction between iron and omega-3 fatty acids metabolisms: where is the cross-link?

Abstract

Iron is an essential micronutrient for almost all living organisms. It plays an important role in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and takes part in electron transport, cellular respiration, cell proliferation and differentiation, and gene expression regulation. However, there is a fine line between excessive and insufficient body iron content. Iron overload is biochemically dangerous. It causes serious toxicities and generates reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction, leading to damage to cellular membranes, proteins, and DNA. Omega-3 fatty acids play an essential role in many physiological processes, including energy metabolism and signal transduction, as well as acting as structural components of cell membranes. Omega-3 fatty acids also help to maintain homeostasis and combat diseases. Recent studies using model organisms as well as clinical studies have revealed a link between omega-3 fatty acids and iron metabolism. Moreover, various iron-related disorders are significantly affected by omega-3 fatty acids. There is a clear relationship between iron and omega-3 fatty acid metabolisms; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Therefore, in-depth research is needed to determine the exact nature of the metabolic interactions of these nutrients. Here, we focus on iron and omega-3 fatty acid metabolisms at their crossroads in the liver and brain.

Keywords:

• Iron metabolism
• omega-3 fatty acid metabolism
• ferroptosis
• oxidative stress
• inflammation
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland under Grant 2017/25/B/NZ9/01707 and 2015/17/N/NZ9/01105.